Chapter 1 - History of Neuropsychology

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

• study of mind, brain and behavior
• describes and predicts animal behavior

Question 2

Neuropsychology

Answer 2

• scientific study of the relations btwn (changes of) brain function and behavior
• intervention and treatment

Question 3

What 2 early doctrines emerged to explain brain functioning?

Answer 3

• vitalism
• materialism

Question 4

Vitalism

Answer 4

• suggests many behaviors are partly controlled by mechanical or logical forces
• also partially self determined
• spiritual and mechanical

Question 5

Who was a major proponent of vitalism?

Answer 5

Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalyses

Question 6

Materialism

Answer 6

favors a mechanistic view of the brain (as a machine)

Question 7

Who was a major proponent of materialism?

Answer 7

Walter Freeman and his lobotomies

Question 8

Trephination

Answer 8

• cutting, scraping, chiseling or drilling a hole in the skull
• spiritual (let out evil spirits) and medical reasoning

Question 9

Hippocrates

Answer 9

• founder of modern medicine
• believed the brain controlled all senses and movement
• recognized that if r side of brain was damaged, the L side of body was affected and vice versa

Question 10

Plato

Answer 10

• believed the soul had 3 parts - appetite, reason (located in brain) and temper

Question 11

Aristotle

Answer 11

• believed the heart to be the source of all mental processes

Question 12

Cell Doctrine

Answer 12

• ventricular cavities w/n the brain control mental abilities and movement
• Alexandrian period

Question 13

Galen

Answer 13

• physical function depends on the balance of humors
• autopsies were forbidden, so theory was flawed

Question 14

What were the humors? And what was the treatment for an imbalance of them?

Answer 14

• blood, mucus, yellow and black bile
• blood letting

Question 15

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 15

• performed first systematic dissections of humans
• identified errors in Galen’s work
• pioneered anatomical theater

Question 16

Rene Descartes

Answer 16

• mind body dualism - separate, but interact w/ each other
• focused work on the pineal gland, thought function originated there
• materialist

Question 17

Phrenology

Answer 17

• beginning of localization theory
• brain consists of number of separate organs, each responsible for a basic psychological trait
• size of the organ = more skill in that area

Question 18

Who proposed phrenology?

Answer 18

Franz Gall

Question 19

Who were the two individuals that proposed evidence for localization?

Answer 19

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

Question 20

Paul Broca

Answer 20

• motor speech was localized in the post., inf. region of the L frontal lobe
• case study of “Tan” - could understand but not produce speech
• Broca’s area

Question 21

Carl Wernicke

Answer 21

• understanding of speech was localize in the sup., post., temporal lobe
• case study of pt who could produce speech but not understand it
• Wernicke’s area

Question 22

Who suggested that various aphasia could be explained by subcortical lesions in less localized association pathways?

Answer 22

Freud

Question 23

Pierre Florens

Answer 23

• developed ablation experiments, did them on birds at first
• found that more extensive damage = more complications
• found that other tissues can take over function
• equipotentiality theory

Question 24

Equipotentiality

Answer 24

• mental abilities depend on the brain functioning as a whole
• found that other tissues can take over function
• intro to idea of neuroplasticity

Question 25

Jackson’s Alternative Model

Answer 25

• Hughlings Jackson
• postulated that behavior results from interactions among all the areas of the brain

Question 26

Luria’s Functional Model

Answer 26

• Alexander Luria
• 3 levels of brain function involving the brainstem (arousal), posterior areas of the cortex (integration), and frontal and prefrontal areas (executive function)

Question 27

What are the emerging research areas in neuropsychology?

Answer 27

• forensic neuropsychology
• sports neuropsychology
• terrorism, law enforcement, and the military

Question 28

What are the neurohistology techniques discussed in class?

Answer 28

• Golgi stain
• nissl stain
• myelin stain

Question 29

Golgi Stain

Answer 29

• Camillo Golgi
• stained dead neurons w/ silver chromate, diff. the cell body as well as its extensions

Question 30

Nissl stain

Answer 30

• an H&E stain that marks the cell body of the neuron

Question 31

Myelin stain

Answer 31

• shows the myelin coating of axons

Question 32

What makes up gray matter? White matter?

Answer 32

• gray matter = cell bodies
• white matter = axons

Question 33

In the 2VO images from the ppt., what prevented the injury of cells when blood flow was restricted?

Answer 33

melatonin

Question 34

Computed Transaxial Tomography

Answer 34

• 3D perspective of the brain w/ acceptable diff. of brain structures

Question 35

Angiography

Answer 35

• Technique that uses dye to visualize blood vessels

Question 36

Electrophysiologic Procedures (EEG)

Answer 36

• recording of the electrical activity of nerve cells
• helps w/ diagnosis of: seizure and sleep disorders, level of coma presence of brain death

Question 37

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 37

• tracks blood flow associated w/ brain activity

Question 38

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 38

• can provide detailed images of brain structures
• more detailed than PET scan
• can diff. white and gray matter

Question 39

fMRI

Answer 39

• functional MRI
• provide image of oxygen usage in the brain (active neurons use O2)