Exam 1

Question 1

what is a theory?

Answer 1

explanation (can be proven)

Question 2

what is a hypothesis?

Answer 2

educated guess (can not be proven)

Question 3

define inductive and deductive reasoning?

Answer 3

Inductive reasoning involves specific observations and then draws a general conclusion

deductive reasoning involves specific conclusion follows a general theory

Question 4

scientific method

Answer 4

1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. prediction
4. experiment
5. data
6. conclusion

Question 5

what characteristics do all living organisms share ?

Answer 5

properties of life
-organization
-homeostasis
-energy processing
-metabolism
-evolution
-growth and development

Question 6

what are some charactericts shared by living and non living things?

Answer 6

both compose basic fundamental units (Mass and Matter)

Question 7

outline from smallest to largest the levels of biological organization. and give an example of each

Answer 7

1.molecule (macromolecules)
2.organelles (chloroplasts)
3.cells (unicellular, 1 cell)
4.tissues (nervous tissue)
5.organs ( brain)
6.organ system (respiratory)
7. organisms ( plants, birds, human)
8. populations
9.communities
10. ecosystem
11. biosphere

Question 8

how does evolution explain both the unity and diversity of life ?

Answer 8

evolution- core theme in biology
diversity- biological changes over time
unity- descend from a common ancestor

Question 9

what are the 3 domain of living things?

Answer 9

1. domain bacteria- prokaryotic (most diverse and widespread)
2. domain Archea -prokaryotic (extreme environment)
3. domain eukaryote- all 4 subgroups most numerous and diverse eukaryotes mostly single celled
   - kingdom platae
   - kingdoms animalia
   -kingdom fungi
   -protists

Question 10

list and describe the 4 emergent properties of water.

Answer 10

1. cohesive behavior: hydrogen bonds hold water together
   - water has high surface tension
2. Moderation of temperature: water has high specific heat- it takes more energy to increase the temperature of water
3. Ice floats on liquid water: when temperature decreases, molecules motions slows, H- bonds don’t break
4. The solvent of life: versatil solvent, partially +++ attracted to anions, -H attracted to cations

Question 11

why is water an excellent solvent?

Answer 11

water is an excellent solvent due to its polarity

 - versatil: polar molecule 
 - hydration shell: sphere of water molecules around dissolved ions

Question 12

what is Matter?

Answer 12

anything that take up space is matter and has mass

Question 13

whats the difference between a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 13

dehydration: removes water

hydrolysis: adds water

Question 14

whats the difference between monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide?

Answer 14

monosaccharide: single sugar

disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkage (covalent bonds)

polysaccharide: many monosaccharides connected together

Question 15

whats the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 15

alpha glucose: when OH on the right is below its Alpha

beta glucose: when OH on the right is above its Beta

Question 16

what are the 3 biologically important lipids?

Answer 16

1. Fats / Triglycerides / Triacylglycerol
2. phospholipids
3. steroids

Question 17

list the 8 protein functions

Answer 17

1. Enzyme proteins
   Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
2. Defensive proteins
   Functions: protection against diseases
   ex: antibodies helping destroying viruses and bacteria
3. Hormonal protein
   Functions: coordination of an organisms activies
   ex: insulin regulating blood sugar levels
4. Receptors proteins
   Functions: response of cell to chemical stimuli
   ex: receptors getting the nerve signaling
5. storage proteins
   Functions: storage of animo acids
6. Transport proteins
   Functions: Transport of substances
7. Contractile and motor proteins:
   Function: movement
   ex: actin 3 myosis being responsible for contraction of muscles
8. Structural proteins
   Functions: support
   ex: keration being the protein of hair givimg it its life and shape

Question 18

how are the 20 naturally occurring animo acids different?

Answer 18

R group

Question 19

how are animo acids linked together?

Answer 19

animo acids are linked by peptide bonds

Question 20

describe the 4 levels of protein stucture

Answer 20

primary structures: sequences/ order of animo acids

secondary structure: folding or coiling of polypeptide backbone as a result of hydrogen bonds formation

tertiary structure: shape resulting from interactions with R group

quaternary structure: 2 or more polypeptides

Question 21

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid?

Answer 21

2 types of nucleic acid DNA and RNA

Question 22

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 22

1.nitrogenous base
2.phosphate group
3. sugar (pentose)

Question 23

The 3 principle of the cell theory

Answer 23

1. all living things are made up of cells
2. cell= basic unit of life
3. all cells come from preexisting cells that have divided

Question 24

4 basic features shared by all cells

Answer 24

1. plasma membrane: selectively permeable barrier surround cells
2. cytosol: semifluid, jelly-like substances inside cell
3. chromosomes: carry genes in form of DNA
4. Ribosomes: tiny complexes that make proteins