Chapter 20 Flashcards
DNA technology
-techniques for sequencing and manipulating DNA
DNA sequencing
-Determine complete nucleotide sequence of DNA molecule
genetic engineering
-The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?
-diagnosis and treatment of diseases
what is a human genome project?
-goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
what is PCR and its purpose?
PCR = polymerase chain reaction
The purpose is it allows rapid amplification of a specific segment of DNA.
what are the three steps of PCR?
- denaturation:
-heat reaction to high temperature to separate dsDNA - annealing:
-cooling reaction allowing primers to anneal or bind to complementary sequences, primer necessary - Extension:
- extension of the new DNA strands from the primers.
why does the DNA polymerase have to be heat stable in PCR?
-high temperature is used repeatedly in PCR to denature the template DNA, or separate its strands.
what is a restriction enzyme?
-a DNA-cutting enzyme that recognizes specific sites in DNA.
where are restriction enzyme naturally found?
-bacteria (and other prokaryotes)
what is a restriction site?
-they are located on a DNA molecule containing specific sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes
what is a restriction a restriction fragment?
-DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme
how could you determine if a restriction enzyme cut a DNA sample?
-by using a sequence analysis program
what is gel electrophoresis?
-a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size
what is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
-visualize, identify, and distinguish molecules that have been processed by a precious method such as PCR and others
