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bio 100 > Bio Exam #2 > Flashcards

Bio Exam #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what’s the cell theory?

A

-All living organisms are made of cells
-cell = basic unit of life
-All cells arise from preexisting cells that have divided

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2
Q

Ribosomes

A

-site of protein synthesis

   There's two kinds  -Free ribosomes (in cytosol) -bound ribosomes (bound to ER)

-Structure: rRNA and protein in nucleus not organelles

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3
Q

Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)

A

-Network of membranous tubules and sacs

-function: biosynthetic factory

-structure: membrane continuous with outer nuclear envelope
-lumen: inside

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4
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • A receiving, sorting, shipping “machine”

Function:
-modify ER proteins
-polysaccharide synthesis
-sorting and packaging into vesicles

–cis face = receiving side
–trans face = shipping side

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5
Q

Lysosome

A

-Digestive compartment with hydrolytic enzymes

Function:
Phagocytosis
Autophagy

-helps in digestion, eats broken parts of cells to obtain nutrients for something else, “food vacuum”

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6
Q

why is the plasma membrane described by the fluid mosaic model?

A

the individual phospholipid molecules making up the bilayer can move around making the membrane structure flexible and constantly changing in shape. Mosaic because the embedded proteins in the bilayer resemble tiles of a mosaic due to their varying shapes, sizes and pattern.

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7
Q

what’s the difference between an integral and peripheral protein?

A

Both are passive transport

Integral protein:
-lets specific molecules pass through membrane
-moves down gradient
ex: ion channels, H2O

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7
Q

what’s the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport:
-moves solute in and out the cell
-potassium = inside cell
-sodium= outside cell

passive transport:
-facilitated diffusion
-moves molecules down gradient
-can also change shape to bind with molecules to move down gradient

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7
Q

how does an animal cell behave in a hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic environment?

A

hypotonic:
-water enters the cell = lysed

isotonic:
-water moves in and out at same rate = normal

hypertonic:
- water leaves cell = shriveled

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7
Q

Explain how phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis work.

A

Phagocytosis:
- “cell eating”
- cell membrane pinches food participles outside the membrane
- that later becomes a food vacuole

Pinocytosis:
- “cell drinking”
-cell membrane pinches solutes outside the membrane into a coated pit (coated protein)
-that later becomes a coated vesicle

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis:
-“magnets” for specific things
- coated vesicles with specific solutes bound to a receptor
- Recycles receptors after the solute is inside the cell

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8
Q

how does a plat cell behave in a hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic environment?

A

Hypotonic:
-water enters cell
-stops further water uptake
-turgid= frigid = healthy plant

isotonic:
-water enters and leaves as it enters
-flaccid= limp= plant sagging

hypertonic:
-water loss at a great amount
-membrane pulls away from cell wall
-Plasmolyzed = PLANT DEATH

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8
Q

what’s the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

endocytosis:
-cell takes in molecules and particle matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane

exocytosis:
-cell ships molecules by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane

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8
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of organism’s chemical reactions

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8
Q

Does metabolism reach equilibrium in a living cell?

A

No and if it does all cell dies and you die too

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9
Q

what’s the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism:
-breakdown pathway
-polymers to monomers
-“downhill” - energy released

Anabolism:
- Biosynthetic (building) pathways
- monomers to polymers
- “uphill” - energy required

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10
Q

what’s the difference between an exergonic and endergonic reaction?

A

Exergonic:
-energy released
-high reactants to low products
- spontaneous
- think “exit”

Endergonic:
-energy required
-low reactants to high products
-nonspontaneous
- think “enter”

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11
Q

what are the structures of ATP and ADP?

A

ATP:
Adenosine Triphosphate
-3 phosphate groups
-Ribose
-Adenine
(same structure as nucleotide)

ADP:
Adenosine diphosphate
-inorganic phosphate
-2 phosphate groups
-ribose
-adenine
- plus energy

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12
Q

what type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis and what is it?

A

Exergonic reaction because it uses its breaking down the ATP to ADP

ATP hydrolysis:
When ATP

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13
Q

why is ATP a renewable resources?

A

When ATP is used it turns into ADP, ADP can be recharged by adding a phosphate. So ATP can be recycled

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14
Q

how does ATP drive cellular work?

A

by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation)

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15
Q

how is energy stored in cellular fuels (organic molecules)?

A

As ATP

16
Q

what type of organic molecules serve as fuel?

A

glucose

17
Q

Define catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones.

18
Q

what four basic features do all cells share ?

A

1.chromosomes (DNA)
2.ribosomes
3.plasma membrane
4.cytosol

19
Q

define oxidation and reduction

A

Oxidation:
-the addition of Oxygen

Reduction:
-the loss of Oxygen in a reaction.

20
Q

what is meant by the term glucose oxidation?

A

-The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➡️ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

21
Q

describe the process of glycolysis?

A

“Sugar splitting”
-10 step process catalyzed by enzymes
-glucose (a 6 carbon sugar) is split into two molecules of the three-carbon sugar pyruvate.

22
Q

compare a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell

A

prokaryotic cell:
1.does not have a nucleus
2.small in size
3.no membrane bound organelle
4. can’t have a cell wall
5. has ribosomes
6. no DNA

Eukaryotic cell:
1. has a nucleus
2. bigger in size
3. membrane bound organelle
4. could have organisms with cell wall
5. has ribosome
6. has a DNA material

23
Q

Nucleus

A

Function: makes ribosomes, makes DNA and protein, stores heredity info, control cell

structure: double membrane ( nuclear envelope)

24
Q

smooth and rough ER

A

Function: biosynthetic factory

structure: membrane continues w/outer nuclear envelope

25
Q

where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

A

the cytoplasm

26
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen in order to occur?

A

No

27
Q

peroxisome:

A

Function: break down fatty acids; liver- detoxify

Structure: metabolic compartment containing enzymes

28
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid molecules.

29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Function: cellular respiration

structure: “powerhouse” of cell

30
Q

what happens to the electrons in glycolysis?

A

They are transferred to the electron transport chain by NADH and FADH₂.

31
Q

Identify the specific location in a eukaryotic cell where the following processes occur: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, ETC / chemiosmosis

A

Glycolysis:
-Cytoplasm

Pyruvate oxidation:
-Mitochondria (matrix)

Krebs cycle:
-Mitochondria (matrix)

ETC:
-Cristae (folds)

Chemiosmosis:
-Cristae

32
Q

chloroplast

A

Function: photosynthesis

Structure: capture light E; photosynthetic eukaryotic (plant & algae)

33
Q

where are ribosomes found in?

A

in the cytoplasm of plant, animal, and bacteria cells

34
Q

what is the function of ribosomes in the cell?

A

to produce protein

35
Q

what is the overall function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. organize structure and cell activities
  2. mechanical support - shape
  3. cell motility - change in cell location and movement of cell parts
  4. anchor/ positions organelle
  5. manipulate plasma membrane - inward bending to form vacuole or vesicles
36
Q

describe structure and function of the three components

A
  1. Microtubule
    Function: cell shape, cell motility, cell
    division, organelle movement, vesicles
    “highways”
    Structure: hollow tubes, diameter = 
25nm 2/lumen, made of a & b tubulin
  2. Microfilament
    Functions: cell shape, muscle
    contraction, cytoplasmic streaming,
    cell drawing, animal cell division
     Structure: 2 intertwined strands, 
 diameter = 7nm, made of actin
  3. Intermediate
    Functions: cell shape, nuclear
    lamina- line interior of nuclear
    envelope, organelle positioning
      Structure: coiled protein cables, diameter = 8-12 nm, protein vary: keratin
37
Q

What’s the summary equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

38
Q

what is oxidized and reduced in the summary equation of cellular respiration?

A

oxidized:
-glucose

reduced:
-oxygen to form CO2 and water.

39
Q

Explain how ATP is produced by chemiosmosis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

A

-hydrogen ions travel across the membrane
-Chemiosmosis involves the pumping of protons through specific passageways in the membranes of the mitochondria from the inner to the outer space.

40
Q

what is ECM ? what is it made of ? whats its function?

A

ECM: Extracellular matrix

it’s made of protein and polysaccharides.

Function:
1. support
2. adhesion
3. movement
4. regulation

40
Q

how are microtubules organized in an animal cell?

A

microtubules are organized in an animal cell by the centrosome

41
Q

what are the three types of animal cell junction? and how do each function ?

A
  1. Tight junction: prevents leakage of material through space between cells
  2. Desmosome: “rivet” fastening cells together
  3. Gap junction: cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells
42
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

38 ATP molecules

43
Q

what are the properties of an enzyme?

A
  • Catalyst: speed up chemicals without being consumed or chemically changed

-typical end in an “ase”

-highly specific

  • active site: pocket for substrate interaction and catalysis
44
Q

How do enzymes work?

A
  1. substrates enter active site
  2. substrates are held in active site by weak interactions.
  3. the active site lowers Ea (activation energy)
  4. substrates are converted to products
  5. products are released
  6. active site is available for new substrates.

bio 100 (11 decks)

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