Exam 1 Flashcards
death and disease in children can be reduced by preventing these 6 categories of behavior
tobacco use
behavior resulting in injury/violence
alcohol, substance use
dietary, hygienic practices
sedentary lifestyle
sexual behavior: unintended pregnancy and disease
most common cause of death and disabilities in children
injuries
childhood age with the lowest rate of death
5-14 y/o
leading cause of death for children 10-19 y/o
suicide
review slide 12: impact of divorce
review slide 12: impact of divorce
joint physical custody
parents alternate physical care on an equitable basis
share responsibilities legally
children reside with one parent but both are legal guardians
joint legal custody
different types of family structures
traditional nuclear
blended
extended
single-parent
polygamous
communal
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
an increase in physical size of a whole or any of its parts or an increase in number and size of cells
measured easily, accurately
growth
continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities, and patterns of behavior
development
newborn stage
birth -1 month
infancy stage
1 month - 1 year
toddlerhood stage
1-3 year
preschool age stage
3-6 year
school aged stage
6-11/12 year
head circumference is measured up to ___ y/o
3 y/o
birth weight doubles by __ ___ and triples by __ ___
6 months; 1 year
patterns of growth + development
simple to complex
proximodistal
cephalocaudal
wide variations WNL occur
factors that influence growth and development
genetics
environment
culture
nutrition
health status
family structure
parental attitudes
child-rearing philosophies
temperament
manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to characteristic of an individual.
the way an individual handles life
child that is even tempered, predictable in their habits; positive approach to new stimuli
easy child
child that is highly active, irritable, and irregular in habits; slow to adapt to new routines, people, and situations; intense, negative expressions of mood; do better with structure
difficult child
child that reacts negatively with mild and new stimuli; adapt slowly with repeated contact
slow-to-warm-up child
what are the 3 types of temperament
easy child
difficult child
slow-to-warm-up child
the ability to understand
passive, receptive
ability to produce meaningful vocalization
expressive
first method of communication
crying
by 2 y/o, a child should have a vocab of ___ words; by 4 y/o a child has a sense of ___
300 words; grammer
___ theory of cognitive development
Piaget’s
___ theory of psychosexual development
Freud’s
___ psychsocial theory
Erikson’s
___ theory of moral development
Kohlberg’s
___ is the work of children
play
they learn their world through playing
review slide 28: different types of play
review slide 28: different types of play
3 phases of separation anxiety/anaclitic depression
protest
despair
detachment
protest: infancy
crying, screaming
clinging to parent
rejects contact with strangers
protest: toddlerhood
verbal, physical attack
attempts to escape
despair s/sx
inactive
withdrawn
depressed, sad
uninterested in environment
regression
denial/detachment
rarely seen in hospitalized child
superficial adjustment
beings to show interest in environment again
appears happy
how should you reference time to a toddler?
“after paw patrol goes off.”
“after dinner”
never use actual clock time
should you ask a preschooler to do assessments such as BP?
No, say things like “can I use your L or R arm?”
hospitalized school-aged children fear ___ and ___
death; abandonment
adolescents prefer to be with their ___ vs their ___
friends; parents
most invasive procedures on an infant should be done ___
last
T or F. painful procedures should be performed in a separate room
true
should you use a child’s favorite doll/toy as an example for a procedure?
No, a different one
4 types of informed consent
assent
age of majority
emancipated minor
treatment without parental consent
assent
child, adolescent has been informed about what will happen and is willing to permit a HCP to perform it
age of majority
age that a person is considered to have all the legal rights of an adult; 18 y/o in most states
emancipated minor
legally under the age of majority but recognized as having legal capacity of an under d/t pregnancy, marriage, living independently, high school graduate, military service
treatment without parental consent
need for urgent treatment; parent is not available or refuses to given consent
single most important factor to consider when communicating with children
their developmental level
nonverbal cues may convey significant messages
children less than 5 are considered ___ bc they have no interest in the experiences of others
egocentric
what is animism
assigning human attributes to inanimate objects
ex: fell down the stairs, no they think stairs are bad
children in school-aged years want ____
explanations
why things are used; how they work; why it’s being done
children should be between ___ and ___ percentile for height, weight
5th and 95th
infant positioning for infant examination
parents lap or full view of parent
infant + toddler: traumatic procedures should be performed when?
last
infant: what reflex should be performed at the very end
Moro
toddler positioning for physical exam
in parents lap
have the parent undress the child
toddler: how to inspect body area
through play
preschool aged positioning for physical exam
3: parent may hold on lap
4-5: lie on the table, parent close by
preschool + school-age child examination order
H2T if cooperative
school-age child education
body functioning and care
how to measure length/height
L: recumbent until 2-3 y/o
H: standing after 3 y/o
how long to measure head circumference
up to 36 months
when are the head + chest equal in size
1-2 y/o
up until then, the head is 1cm larger than the chest
weight should be record in # or kg?
kg
can a diaper be left on for an infant being weighed?
Yes but it must be dry
can weigh the dry diaper separate and substract
when is BP assessed
annually after 3 y/o
where to observe respiration in infants
abdominal x1 minute
how to assess pulse on infants
apically x1 minute
when to assess temp on infants
last VS to assess
where to assess skin turgor
abdomen
___ indicates premature closure of sutures
asymmetry
when do fontanels close?
P: 2nd month
A: 12-18 months
head lag after 6 months indicates what?
cerebral injury
hyperextension of the head (opisthotonos) with pain indicates ___ ___
meningeal irritation
when should an infant be able to fixate on 1 visual field with both eyes simultaneously (binocularity)
3-4 months
when are children tested for color blindness
4-8 y/o
this is common in males
what may occur if strabismus is not corrected by 4-6 years of age
amblyopia
low set ears are associated with ___ ___ or ___ ___
renal anomalies or mental retardation
normal color for tympanic membrane
translucent light pearly pink or gray
what does a black tympanic membrane indicate
perforation that has not healed
when does dentition begin
6-10 months
when does breast development begin
8-12
infants have an ___ anteroposterior-to-transverse chest diameter
equal
when does the A:P ratio reach that of an adult
6-7
where to assess apical pulse if < 7
4th ICS, lateral to MCL
where to assess apical pulse if >7
5th ICS, MCL
T or F. it is common to have a murmur the first 2-3 days of life
true
what is sinus arrhythmia
HR increases with inspiration, decreases with expiration
normal finding in some children
normal cap refill
< 2 seconds
tense, board-like abdomen indicates what?
paralytic ileum and intestinal obstrution
hypospadias vs. epispadias
urinary meatus is located
H: bottom
E: top
knee-knock is normal up to what age
2-7
what does the Denver II assess
detect possible developmental delays in preschoolers
4 areas assess with Denver II
gross motor
fine motor
language
personal-social
Denver II has allowances for premature infants up to ___ months
24
how to read Denver II results
P: proficient
F: fail
all items L of the age line should be accomplished
