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Pediatrics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

death and disease in children can be reduced by preventing these 6 categories of behavior

A

tobacco use
behavior resulting in injury/violence
alcohol, substance use
dietary, hygienic practices
sedentary lifestyle
sexual behavior: unintended pregnancy and disease

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2
Q

most common cause of death and disabilities in children

A

injuries

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3
Q

childhood age with the lowest rate of death

A

5-14 y/o

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4
Q

leading cause of death for children 10-19 y/o

A

suicide

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5
Q

review slide 12: impact of divorce

A

review slide 12: impact of divorce

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6
Q

joint physical custody

A

parents alternate physical care on an equitable basis

share responsibilities legally

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7
Q

children reside with one parent but both are legal guardians

A

joint legal custody

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8
Q

different types of family structures

A

traditional nuclear
blended
extended
single-parent
polygamous
communal
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender

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9
Q

an increase in physical size of a whole or any of its parts or an increase in number and size of cells

measured easily, accurately

A

growth

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10
Q

continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities, and patterns of behavior

A

development

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11
Q

newborn stage

A

birth -1 month

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12
Q

infancy stage

A

1 month - 1 year

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13
Q

toddlerhood stage

A

1-3 year

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14
Q

preschool age stage

A

3-6 year

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15
Q

school aged stage

A

6-11/12 year

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16
Q

head circumference is measured up to ___ y/o

A

3 y/o

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17
Q

birth weight doubles by __ ___ and triples by __ ___

A

6 months; 1 year

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18
Q

patterns of growth + development

A

simple to complex
proximodistal
cephalocaudal
wide variations WNL occur

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19
Q

factors that influence growth and development

A

genetics
environment
culture
nutrition
health status
family structure
parental attitudes
child-rearing philosophies

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20
Q

temperament

A

manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to characteristic of an individual.

the way an individual handles life

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21
Q

child that is even tempered, predictable in their habits; positive approach to new stimuli

A

easy child

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22
Q

child that is highly active, irritable, and irregular in habits; slow to adapt to new routines, people, and situations; intense, negative expressions of mood; do better with structure

A

difficult child

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23
Q

child that reacts negatively with mild and new stimuli; adapt slowly with repeated contact

A

slow-to-warm-up child

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24
Q

what are the 3 types of temperament

A

easy child
difficult child
slow-to-warm-up child

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25
Q

the ability to understand

A

passive, receptive

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26
Q

ability to produce meaningful vocalization

A

expressive

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27
Q

first method of communication

A

crying

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28
Q

by 2 y/o, a child should have a vocab of ___ words; by 4 y/o a child has a sense of ___

A

300 words; grammer

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29
Q

___ theory of cognitive development

A

Piaget’s

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30
Q

___ theory of psychosexual development

A

Freud’s

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31
Q

___ psychsocial theory

A

Erikson’s

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32
Q

___ theory of moral development

A

Kohlberg’s

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33
Q

___ is the work of children

A

play

they learn their world through playing

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34
Q

review slide 28: different types of play

A

review slide 28: different types of play

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35
Q

3 phases of separation anxiety/anaclitic depression

A

protest
despair
detachment

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36
Q

protest: infancy

A

crying, screaming
clinging to parent
rejects contact with strangers

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37
Q

protest: toddlerhood

A

verbal, physical attack
attempts to escape

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38
Q

despair s/sx

A

inactive
withdrawn
depressed, sad
uninterested in environment
regression

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39
Q

denial/detachment

A

rarely seen in hospitalized child
superficial adjustment
beings to show interest in environment again
appears happy

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40
Q

how should you reference time to a toddler?

A

“after paw patrol goes off.”
“after dinner”

never use actual clock time

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41
Q

should you ask a preschooler to do assessments such as BP?

A

No, say things like “can I use your L or R arm?”

42
Q

hospitalized school-aged children fear ___ and ___

A

death; abandonment

43
Q

adolescents prefer to be with their ___ vs their ___

A

friends; parents

44
Q

most invasive procedures on an infant should be done ___

A

last

45
Q

T or F. painful procedures should be performed in a separate room

A

true

46
Q

should you use a child’s favorite doll/toy as an example for a procedure?

A

No, a different one

47
Q

4 types of informed consent

A

assent
age of majority
emancipated minor
treatment without parental consent

48
Q

assent

A

child, adolescent has been informed about what will happen and is willing to permit a HCP to perform it

49
Q

age of majority

A

age that a person is considered to have all the legal rights of an adult; 18 y/o in most states

50
Q

emancipated minor

A

legally under the age of majority but recognized as having legal capacity of an under d/t pregnancy, marriage, living independently, high school graduate, military service

51
Q

treatment without parental consent

A

need for urgent treatment; parent is not available or refuses to given consent

52
Q

single most important factor to consider when communicating with children

A

their developmental level

nonverbal cues may convey significant messages

53
Q

children less than 5 are considered ___ bc they have no interest in the experiences of others

A

egocentric

54
Q

what is animism

A

assigning human attributes to inanimate objects

ex: fell down the stairs, no they think stairs are bad

55
Q

children in school-aged years want ____

A

explanations

why things are used; how they work; why it’s being done

56
Q

children should be between ___ and ___ percentile for height, weight

A

5th and 95th

57
Q

infant positioning for infant examination

A

parents lap or full view of parent

58
Q

infant + toddler: traumatic procedures should be performed when?

A

last

59
Q

infant: what reflex should be performed at the very end

A

Moro

60
Q

toddler positioning for physical exam

A

in parents lap

have the parent undress the child

61
Q

toddler: how to inspect body area

A

through play

62
Q

preschool aged positioning for physical exam

A

3: parent may hold on lap
4-5: lie on the table, parent close by

63
Q

preschool + school-age child examination order

A

H2T if cooperative

64
Q

school-age child education

A

body functioning and care

65
Q

how to measure length/height

A

L: recumbent until 2-3 y/o
H: standing after 3 y/o

66
Q

how long to measure head circumference

A

up to 36 months

67
Q

when are the head + chest equal in size

A

1-2 y/o

up until then, the head is 1cm larger than the chest

68
Q

weight should be record in # or kg?

A

kg

69
Q

can a diaper be left on for an infant being weighed?

A

Yes but it must be dry

can weigh the dry diaper separate and substract

70
Q

when is BP assessed

A

annually after 3 y/o

71
Q

where to observe respiration in infants

A

abdominal x1 minute

72
Q

how to assess pulse on infants

A

apically x1 minute

73
Q

when to assess temp on infants

A

last VS to assess

74
Q

where to assess skin turgor

A

abdomen

75
Q

___ indicates premature closure of sutures

A

asymmetry

76
Q

when do fontanels close?

A

P: 2nd month
A: 12-18 months

77
Q

head lag after 6 months indicates what?

A

cerebral injury

78
Q

hyperextension of the head (opisthotonos) with pain indicates ___ ___

A

meningeal irritation

79
Q

when should an infant be able to fixate on 1 visual field with both eyes simultaneously (binocularity)

A

3-4 months

80
Q

when are children tested for color blindness

A

4-8 y/o

this is common in males

81
Q

what may occur if strabismus is not corrected by 4-6 years of age

A

amblyopia

82
Q

low set ears are associated with ___ ___ or ___ ___

A

renal anomalies or mental retardation

83
Q

normal color for tympanic membrane

A

translucent light pearly pink or gray

84
Q

what does a black tympanic membrane indicate

A

perforation that has not healed

85
Q

when does dentition begin

A

6-10 months

86
Q

when does breast development begin

A

8-12

87
Q

infants have an ___ anteroposterior-to-transverse chest diameter

A

equal

88
Q

when does the A:P ratio reach that of an adult

A

6-7

89
Q

where to assess apical pulse if < 7

A

4th ICS, lateral to MCL

90
Q

where to assess apical pulse if >7

A

5th ICS, MCL

91
Q

T or F. it is common to have a murmur the first 2-3 days of life

A

true

92
Q

what is sinus arrhythmia

A

HR increases with inspiration, decreases with expiration

normal finding in some children

93
Q

normal cap refill

A

< 2 seconds

94
Q

tense, board-like abdomen indicates what?

A

paralytic ileum and intestinal obstrution

95
Q

hypospadias vs. epispadias

A

urinary meatus is located
H: bottom
E: top

96
Q

knee-knock is normal up to what age

A

2-7

97
Q

what does the Denver II assess

A

detect possible developmental delays in preschoolers

98
Q

4 areas assess with Denver II

A

gross motor
fine motor
language
personal-social

99
Q

Denver II has allowances for premature infants up to ___ months

A

24

100
Q

how to read Denver II results

A

P: proficient
F: fail

all items L of the age line should be accomplished

Pediatrics (12 decks)

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