Exam #1 Flashcards
What is the gross anatomy of muscles?
Endomysium: surrounds each muscle fiber
Perimysium: surrounds the muscle fasciculi
Epimysium: covers the whole muscle
What is the microscopic anatomy of muscles?
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Skeletal muscle fiber (muscle cell)
Multinucleate (hundreds of nuclei)
What are the parts of a synovial joint?
Joint capsule
Articular cartilages
Joint cavity with synovial fluid
Cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursae
Sensory nerves & blood vessels
What is the structure of compact bone?
Dense & solid
Form the walls of bone
What is the structure of spongy bone?
Open network of plates
Surrounds medullary cavity
What is the protein synthesizing organelle?
Ribosomes
What organelles increases the surface area of the plasma membrane?
Microvilli
What organelle produces ATP & is part of cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What organelle contains the DNA?
Nucleus
What organelle synthesizes lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, stores products, transports, and detoxifies toxins?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What organelle packages enzymes, renews/modifies the plasma membrane, and synthesizes & packages secretions?
Golgi Apparatus
What organelle defends against disease and removes bacteria?
Lysosomes
What organelle breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water & oxygen?
Peroxisomes
What are the layers of Epidermis from deepest to most superficial?
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinous
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
What are the layers of the Dermis from deepest to most superficial?
Reticular Layer
1. Deep Dermis
2. Loose connective tissue
3. Hair follicles
4. Sweat glands
5. Sebaceous glands
Papillary Layer
1. Superficial dermis
2. Loose connective tissue
3. Dermal papillae
4. Capillaries
5. Axons of Neurons
What is in the subcutaneous layer?
Fat
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment despite changes in the external environment (all organ systems, except for reproductive, partake in maintaining homeostasis)
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides the body in anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into left and right sections
Midsagittal: divides the body in equal left and right halves
Parasagittal: runs parallel to the midsagittal line
Transverse Plane
A horizontal plane, lies at a right angle to the longitudinal axis.
What makes up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids (hydrophobic & hydrophilic) & Proteins (integral & peripheral)
What is passive transport?
Materials pass through membrane without using cellular energy (Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, & Osmosis)
What is active transport?
Transport of materials across the plasma membrane using cellular energy
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What is not a phase of mitosis?
Interphase (a cell spends of of its life here)
What cell junction holds cells together by interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons, which allow small molecules & substances to pass from cell to cell?
Gap junction
What cell junction is formed by fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes, prevent diffusion of solutes form cell to cell?
Tight junctions
What cell junctions has very strong connections of plasma membranes via cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans?
Desmosomes
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, sheets or layers, & regeneration
Simple squamous epithelium
Characteristics: Cells are thin, flat, & irregular shapes
Location: Inner surfaces of circulatory system
Stratified squamous epithelium
Characteristics: Irregularly shaped cells in a series of layers
Location: Surface of skin, lining of oral cavity, throat, esophagus, rectum, vagina & anus
Cuboidal epithelium
Characteristics: Look like little boxes & provide limited protection
Location: Found where secretion or absorption happen, ex. Kidney tublues
Stratified cuboidal epithelia
Characteristics: Rare
Location: Found lining the ducts of sweat glands & mammary glands
Columnar epithelia
Characteristics: Look like rectangles or columns
Location: Found in areas where absorption or secretion occurs, ex. lining of stomach
Stratified columnar epithelia
Characteristics: Rare (if it has more than two layers, only the superficial cells are columnar, the cells below are squamous)
Location: Occur in the pharynx, urethra, and anus
Pseudostratified epithelia
Characteristics: Located at varying distances from the surface
Location: Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and portions of the male reproductive tract
Transitional epithelia
Location: Lines the renal pelvis, ureters, & urinary bladder
Types of cells you find in the Epidermis
Keratinocytes: produce keratin
Melanocytes: produce melanin
Merkel Cells: sensory cells
Langerhans Cells: macrophages
Eccrine glands
Sweat glands that function in thermoregulation
Sebaceous glands
Exocrine gland that is associated with hair follicles
Osteocytes
Mature Bone Cells that maintain the protein & mineral content of the matrix.
Osteoblasts
Immature Bone Making Cells that are heavily involved in the making new bone.
Osteoprogenitor Cell
Bone Stem Cells that differentiate to form new osteoblasts & are heavily involved in repair of bones after a break.
Osteoclasts
Multinucleated Bone Breaking Cells that secrete acids that dissolve bones to release stored calcium & phosphate ions into the blood.
Osteon
The functional unit of mature compact bone.
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone develops from MESENCHYME TISSUE and veins in embryos BEFORE cartilage develops.
Endochondral Ossification
Bone replaces existing CARTILAGE model throughout childhood.
The tibia is BLANK to the fibula
Medial
Carpal Bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Psisform
Traezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Tarsal Bones
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms
Bones of the face
Vomer
Conchae
Nasal
Maxilla
Mandible
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Bones of the cranium
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Types of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony
Synovial
Atlas
Articulates with occipital condyles and allows the head to nod in a “yes” manner.
Axis
Has dens, the transverse ligament bones the dens to the atlas, allows the head to move in a “no” manner.
Amount of Vertebrae in Cervical Section
7
Number of Vertebrae in Thoracic Section
12
Number of Vertebrae in Lumbar Section
5
Level of organization
1.Molecular
2.Cellular
3.Tissue
4.Organ
5.Organ System
6.Organism
Integumentary System
Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature
Skeletal System
Supports and protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells.
Muscular System
Allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat.
Nervous System
Directs immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
Endocrine System
Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems.
Cardiovascular System
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.
Lymphatic System
Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
Respiratory System
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and circulating blood; produces sound.
Digestive System
Processes food and absorbs nutrients.
Urinary System
Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste.
Male Reproductive System
Produces sex cells and hormones.
Female Reproductive System
Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth.
What kind of molecules are tropomyosin & troponin
Regulatory protein molecules
What bands get smaller upon contraction?
H band & I band
What lines move closer together upon contraction?
Z lines
Synarthrosis joints
Immovable joints found only in the skull
Amphiarthrosis joints
Slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses joints
Freely moveable joints (synovial joints) found at the end of bones
How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?
Hormones change the rates of osteoblast & osteoclast activity
What are the 4 primary tissue types?
Epthelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
