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Anatomy > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gross anatomy of muscles?

A

Endomysium: surrounds each muscle fiber
Perimysium: surrounds the muscle fasciculi
Epimysium: covers the whole muscle

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2
Q

What is the microscopic anatomy of muscles?

A

Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Skeletal muscle fiber (muscle cell)
Multinucleate (hundreds of nuclei)

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3
Q

What are the parts of a synovial joint?

A

Joint capsule
Articular cartilages
Joint cavity with synovial fluid
Cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursae
Sensory nerves & blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A

Dense & solid
Form the walls of bone

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5
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A

Open network of plates
Surrounds medullary cavity

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6
Q

What is the protein synthesizing organelle?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

What organelles increases the surface area of the plasma membrane?

A

Microvilli

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8
Q

What organelle produces ATP & is part of cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

What organelle contains the DNA?

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What organelle synthesizes lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, stores products, transports, and detoxifies toxins?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

What organelle packages enzymes, renews/modifies the plasma membrane, and synthesizes & packages secretions?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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12
Q

What organelle defends against disease and removes bacteria?

A

Lysosomes

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13
Q

What organelle breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water & oxygen?

A

Peroxisomes

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14
Q

What are the layers of Epidermis from deepest to most superficial?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinous
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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15
Q

What are the layers of the Dermis from deepest to most superficial?

A

Reticular Layer
1. Deep Dermis
2. Loose connective tissue
3. Hair follicles
4. Sweat glands
5. Sebaceous glands

Papillary Layer
1. Superficial dermis
2. Loose connective tissue
3. Dermal papillae
4. Capillaries
5. Axons of Neurons

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16
Q

What is in the subcutaneous layer?

A

Fat

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17
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment despite changes in the external environment (all organ systems, except for reproductive, partake in maintaining homeostasis)

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18
Q

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

Divides the body in anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

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19
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Divides the body into left and right sections
Midsagittal: divides the body in equal left and right halves
Parasagittal: runs parallel to the midsagittal line

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20
Q

Transverse Plane

A

A horizontal plane, lies at a right angle to the longitudinal axis.

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21
Q

What makes up the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids (hydrophobic & hydrophilic) & Proteins (integral & peripheral)

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22
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Materials pass through membrane without using cellular energy (Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, & Osmosis)

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23
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport of materials across the plasma membrane using cellular energy

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24
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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25
Q

What is not a phase of mitosis?

A

Interphase (a cell spends of of its life here)

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26
Q

What cell junction holds cells together by interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons, which allow small molecules & substances to pass from cell to cell?

A

Gap junction

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27
Q

What cell junction is formed by fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes, prevent diffusion of solutes form cell to cell?

A

Tight junctions

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28
Q

What cell junctions has very strong connections of plasma membranes via cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans?

A

Desmosomes

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29
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, sheets or layers, & regeneration

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30
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Characteristics: Cells are thin, flat, & irregular shapes

Location: Inner surfaces of circulatory system

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31
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Characteristics: Irregularly shaped cells in a series of layers

Location: Surface of skin, lining of oral cavity, throat, esophagus, rectum, vagina & anus

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32
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Characteristics: Look like little boxes & provide limited protection

Location: Found where secretion or absorption happen, ex. Kidney tublues

33
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

A

Characteristics: Rare

Location: Found lining the ducts of sweat glands & mammary glands

34
Q

Columnar epithelia

A

Characteristics: Look like rectangles or columns

Location: Found in areas where absorption or secretion occurs, ex. lining of stomach

35
Q

Stratified columnar epithelia

A

Characteristics: Rare (if it has more than two layers, only the superficial cells are columnar, the cells below are squamous)

Location: Occur in the pharynx, urethra, and anus

36
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia

A

Characteristics: Located at varying distances from the surface

Location: Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and portions of the male reproductive tract

37
Q

Transitional epithelia

A

Location: Lines the renal pelvis, ureters, & urinary bladder

38
Q

Types of cells you find in the Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes: produce keratin
Melanocytes: produce melanin
Merkel Cells: sensory cells
Langerhans Cells: macrophages

39
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Sweat glands that function in thermoregulation

39
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Exocrine gland that is associated with hair follicles

40
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature Bone Cells that maintain the protein & mineral content of the matrix.

41
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature Bone Making Cells that are heavily involved in the making new bone.

42
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cell

A

Bone Stem Cells that differentiate to form new osteoblasts & are heavily involved in repair of bones after a break.

43
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated Bone Breaking Cells that secrete acids that dissolve bones to release stored calcium & phosphate ions into the blood.

44
Q

Osteon

A

The functional unit of mature compact bone.

45
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone develops from MESENCHYME TISSUE and veins in embryos BEFORE cartilage develops.

46
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone replaces existing CARTILAGE model throughout childhood.

47
Q

The tibia is BLANK to the fibula

A

Medial

48
Q

Carpal Bones

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Psisform
Traezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

49
Q

Tarsal Bones

A

Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms

50
Q

Bones of the face

A

Vomer
Conchae
Nasal
Maxilla
Mandible
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal

51
Q

Bones of the cranium

A

Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

52
Q

Types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony
Synovial

53
Q

Atlas

A

Articulates with occipital condyles and allows the head to nod in a “yes” manner.

54
Q

Axis

A

Has dens, the transverse ligament bones the dens to the atlas, allows the head to move in a “no” manner.

55
Q

Amount of Vertebrae in Cervical Section

A

7

56
Q

Number of Vertebrae in Thoracic Section

A

12

57
Q

Number of Vertebrae in Lumbar Section

A

5

58
Q

Level of organization

A

1.Molecular
2.Cellular
3.Tissue
4.Organ
5.Organ System
6.Organism

59
Q

Integumentary System

A

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

60
Q

Skeletal System

A

Supports and protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells.

61
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat.

62
Q

Nervous System

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.

63
Q

Endocrine System

A

Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems.

64
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.

65
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

66
Q

Respiratory System

A

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and circulating blood; produces sound.

67
Q

Digestive System

A

Processes food and absorbs nutrients.

68
Q

Urinary System

A

Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste.

69
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Produces sex cells and hormones.

70
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth.

71
Q

What kind of molecules are tropomyosin & troponin

A

Regulatory protein molecules

72
Q

What bands get smaller upon contraction?

A

H band & I band

73
Q

What lines move closer together upon contraction?

A

Z lines

74
Q

Synarthrosis joints

A

Immovable joints found only in the skull

75
Q

Amphiarthrosis joints

A

Slightly moveable joints

76
Q

Diarthroses joints

A

Freely moveable joints (synovial joints) found at the end of bones

77
Q

How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?

A

Hormones change the rates of osteoblast & osteoclast activity

78
Q

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

A

Epthelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Anatomy (9 decks)

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