Anatomy Quiz #5 Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
the PNS & CNS
What is the CNS?
The Central Nervous System is associated with the brain & spinal cord.
What is the PNS?
The Peripheral Nervous System is associated with the tissue outside of the CNS. It can be divided into Afferent Division & Efferent Division.
What is Afferent Division?
Afferent Division brings sensory info to the CNS and BEGINS at the RECEPTORS. Somatic & Visceral.
What is Efferent Division?
Efferent Division carries motor commands to the muscles & glands and ENDS at the EFFECTORS. Can be divided into Somatic Nervous System & Automatic Nervous System (which contains Parasympathetic division & Sympathetic division).
What is a neuron?
Neurons are nerve cells that are responsible for the transfer & processing of info in the nervous system.
What are Neuroglia?
Supporting cells that protect the neuron.
Astrocytes (CNS)
Largest & most numerous neuroglia, that make up the blood brain barrier (BBB).
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Form myelin sheath.
White Matter (CNS)
Areas with mostly myelinated axons.
Gray Matter (CNS)
Composed of cell bodies & dendrites.
Microglia (CNS)
Phagocytic cells
Ependymal Cells (CNS)
Involved in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CS) production, make up a cellular lining called the ependyma.
Satellite Cells (PNS)
Surround cell bodies, regulate Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels.
Schwann Cells (PNS)
Surround axons, produce myelin in the PNS, participle in repair process after injury.
What are the parts of a neuron?
Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon
Axon Terminals
Soma
Axon Hillock
Dendrites
Stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells.
Cell Body
Contains organelles
Axon
Conducts nerve impulse (action potential) toward axon terminals.
Axon Terminals
Affect another neuron or effector organ (muscle or gland)
Axon Hillock
Area where the initial segment connects to the cell body.
What are the types of neuronal pools?
Divergence
Convergence
Serial Processing
Parallel Processing
Reverberation
Divergence
Spread of info from one neuron to several neurons.
Convergence
Info going from several neurons to one neuron.
Serial Processing
Info going from one neuron to the next neuron in a sequence.
Parallel Processing
Several neurons processing info at the same time.
Reverberation
Collateral axons extend back toward the origin of impulse (on a repeater)
Reverberation
Collateral axons extend back toward the origin of impulse (on a repeater)
What are the structural classifications of neurons?
Anaxonic (Found only in CNS)
Bipolar (Axons not myelinated)
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar (Most common type in CNS)
Chemical Synapse
Vesicular (containing vesicles) and impulses can be conveyed in one direction only.
- Action Potential Arrives
- Neurotransmitter is released from axon vesicles
- Neurotransmitter diffuse across synapse
- Neurotransmitter binds to membrane
- Binding changes permeability of membrane
- Action potential enters next neuron
Electrical Synapse
Nonvesicular and impulses can be conveyed in any direction.
The membrane one one neuron is tightly bound to the membrane of another neuron. The binding merits the passage of ions from one neuron to the next,
What types of neurons are in dorsal roots?
AFFERENT axons of SENSORY neurons
What types of neurons are in ventral roots?
EFFERENT axons of SOMATIC MOTOR neurons
What nerves are in the Cervical Plexus?
Lesser Occipital
Supraclavicular
Great Auricular
Transverse Cervical
Ansa Cervicalis
Phrenic
What nerves are in the Brachial Plexus?
Ventral rami (roots)
Trunks (superior, middle, and inferior)
Divisions (anterior & posterior)
Cords (posterior, lateral, and medial)
What nerves are in the Lumbar Plexus?
Iliohyppogastric
Ilio-iguinial
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous
Genitofemoral
Femoral
Orburator
What nerves are in the Sacral Plexus?
Superior Gluteal
Inferior Gluteal
Sciatic
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous
Pudendal
What are Development Reflexes?
Innate: Genetically determined
Acquired: Learned
What are Response Reflexes?
Somatic: The control of skeletal muscle contractions (voluntary)
Visceral (Automatic): Control actions of smooth & cardiac muscles, glands, & adipose tissue (involuntary)
What are Complexity of Circuit Reflexes?
Monosynaptic: One synapse
Polysynaptic: Multiple synapses
What are Processing Site Reflexes?
Spinal: Processing in spinal cord
Cranial: Processing in brain
