Evolution of Mental Health Flashcards
Unconventional therapies
Complimentary therapies
Spectrum of practices and beliefs. Use of herbs, visual imagery, acupunctures, and massage therapy
Complimentary therapies
Proclamation by the state explaining mental illness as a disease
Decade of the brain
Emphasizes significance of technological advances in neurobiology & genetics and its impact on understanding mental illness
Decade of the brain
Caring for previously hospitalized people outside the hospital
Deinstitutionalization
In the community rather than state facility
Deinstitutionalization
Began 25 yrs ago - Focuses on human treatment of the mentally ill
Mental health movement
Advocates the release of pt from state institutions to community mental health centers
Mental health movement
Humane treatment of the mentally ill
Moral treatment
Used to affect behavior, mood, & feelings
Psychotropics
Example of psychotropics
Antidepressants, antipsychotics, antimanic, antianxiety drugs
Biology of the nervous system (brain)
Neurobiology
Science and study of the CNS
Neuroscience
Insanity was associated with demonic possession.
Early history (ancient times)
Healers extract unseen spirits through rituals using herbs, ointments and precious stones.
Early history (ancient times)
Mental illness was perceived as incurable, and treatment of the insane was sometimes inhumane and brutal
Early history (ancient times)
Often imprisoned or forced to live in streets and beg for food.
Mentally ill people in the Middle ages
For more humane treatment, depends on charity of religious groups, who dispenses alms or food or other donations to the needy or poor and ran almshouses and general hospitals.
Mentally ill people in the middle ages
First mental asylum (middle ages)
St. Mary of Bethlehem
When & where was st. Mary of B built
London, England. 14 century
Conceived as a sanctuary or refuge for the destitute and afflicted. Model for similar institutions elsewhere.
St. Mary of Bethlehem
Continued skepticism about the curability of mental illness.
The 15th-17th Centuries
repositories for prolonged enclosure of the mentally ill.
Asylum in 15th to 17th centuries
Insane people were treated more like animals than humans.
The 15th-17th centuries
Inhabitants were poorly clothed and fed; often chained and caged, and deprived of heat and sunlight
The 15th-17th centuries
The insane was no longer treated as less than human.
The 18th Century- Period of Enlightenment
The concept of asylum developed from the humane efforts of PINEL & TUKE
The 18th Century- Period of Enlightenment
Significant people in the 18th century
Benjamin Rush
Philippe Pinel
William Tuke
Franz Anton Mesmer
Emphasized the need for pleasant surroundings and diversional and moral treatment of the mentally ill.
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)
Treatment include (considered controversial): bloodletting and the administration of cold and hot baths, harsh purgatives, and emetics.
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)
Considers inducement of fright or shock would cause the mentally ill to regain their insanity.
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)
the mentally ill’s extremities is strapped down and this reduces motor and pulse rates; thought to produce calming effect
Tranquilizer chair
a form of shock therapy consisting of a rotating, swinging platform onto which, the person was strapped and moved at high speed; Thought to increase cerebral circulation.
Gyrator
Benjamin Rush first American treatise on Psychiatry:
Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Disease of the Mind.
Advocated kindness and moral treatment.
Philippe pinel (1745-1862)
Greatest impact came after he was placed in charge of Bicerte Hospital.
Philippe pinel (1745-1862)
Proved that releasing the insane from chains and providing moral treatment improved their prospect.
Philippe pinel (1745-1862)
Began a 4-year dynasty that advocated humane treatment of the mentally ill
William Tuke (1732-1822)
Renewed the art of suggestive healing that stemmed from the ancient use of trances, which became the basis of hypnosis.
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734- 1815)
US and other European Countries began a movement that championed reformation of ideas in establishing state hospitals.
The 19th Century: The Evolution of the Psychiatric Nurse
First psychiatric hospital in America in
1772 in Williamsburg, Virginia
Significant people in the 19th century
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Linda Richards
A retired school teacher from Massachusetts.
Led crusade that brought attention of these conditions to the public and legislature.
Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887)
The result is an improvement in standards of care for the mentally ill which led to proliferation of state hospitals.
Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887)
The first American Psychiatric Nurse. Graduate of New England Hospital for Women
Linda Richards
Developed nursing care in state hospitals and also directed a school of psychiatric Nursing in —
Linda Richards Mclean psychiatric Asylum in 1880
Her efforts resulted to the development of school for nurses in more than 30 asylums
Linda Richards
Significant people in the 20th century
Adolph meyers
Clifford beers
Emil Kraepelin
Eugen bleuler
Sigmun freud
Carl gustav jung
Karen Horney
Harry stack sullivan
Initiated psychobiological theory and dynamic concept of psychiatric care.
Adolph meyer
Theory centered on treatment rather than disease and integrated biochemical, genetic, psychosocial, and environmental stresses on mental illness.
Adolph meyer
Had been treated for mental illness
Clifford beers
Contributed to preventive care though his classic work
Clifford beers. A mind that found itself 1908
Played a major role in establishing Mental Health Movement in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1908 and promoting the early detection of mental illness.
Clifford beers
Shifted from an emphasis on research in the pathobiological laboratory to the observation and research in conditions known as praecox dementia and mania
Emil kraepelin
Devised a classification of mental disorders.
Emil kreapelin
Coined the term schizophrenia and included its characteristics the four As
Eugen bleuler
Four As
Apathy, associative looseness, autism, ambivalence
Development of psychoanalysis, psychosexual theories, and neurosis.
Sigmund freud
a method that serves as the basis for treatment and a theory for personality development
a method that serves as the basis for treatment and a theory for personality development
Psychoanalysis
Founded analytic psychology.
Carl gustav jung
Proposed and originated the concepts extroverted and introverted personality.
Carl gustav jung
Integrated spiritual concepts, reasoning, ancestral emotional trends, and mysticism, and the creative notion of human beings.
Carl gustav jung
Objected to Freud’s notions that neurosis and personality development were based on biological drives
Karen horney
Her theory suggested that neuroses stem from cultural factors and impaired interpersonal relationships.
Karen horney
Postulated the Hypothesis of interpersonal theory and the development of multidisciplinary approaches to psychiatric and milieu therapy.
Harry stack sullivan
He surmised that anxiety could be reduced through a meaningful interpersonal relationship that stresses the process of effective communication.
Harry stack sullivan
A deliberate shift from institutional care in state hospitals to community facilities.
Deinstitutionalization
Significant changes in public awareness which enabled clinicians to address relatively complex topics with patients and families
1990s decade of the brain
First Psychiatric Nursing Textbook
Nursing Mental Diseases by harriet bailey 1920
psychiatric nursing became a part of the curriculum of general nursing programs.
1937
First Psychiatric Nursing Theorist
Hildegard Peplau
Developed a model for psychiatric nursing practice
Hildegard Peplau
HP book
“Interpersonal Relationship in Nursing” (1952)
outlines the signs and symptoms required in order for clinicians to assign a specific diagnosis to a patient.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM
Six editions of DSM
1952
1968
1980
1987
1994
2000
Five axes for the clinician to use in the assessment of the patient:
Axis I: Clinical disorders
Axis II: Personality or developmental disorders
Axis III: General medical conditions that relate to axis I or II or have bearing on treatment
Axis IV: Severity of psychosocial stressors
Axis V: Global assessment of functioning, on a scale of 0 to 100
NCMH was published thru
Public Works Act 3258
NCMH first known as…. Situatedin
as Insular Psychopathic Hospital, situated on a hilly piece of land in Barrio Mauway, Mandaluyong, Rizal
NCMH formally opened on
December 17, 1928 Later known as National Mental Hospital
November 12, 1986: was given its present name
National Center for Mental Health thru Memorandum Circular No. 48 of the Office of the President
Gives and creates venues for quality mental health education, training and research geared towards hospital and community mental health services nationwide.
NCMH
