Evolution Of Development Flashcards
What is evolution of development? (3)
Differences in how processes used, results in different phenotypes
Developmental processes across diverse taxa is controlled by the same process
Re use and EE purposing the same molecular processes (HOX genes)
Asexual clones to sexual reproduction (2) XRecombination
Asexual:
- parthenogenesis (producing offspring by mitosis)
- agametic (no gametes)
Sexual reproduction:
- Meiosis
- Gametic
- Segregation
- Recombination
- Syngamy
Define sngamy
The fusion of two cells, or their nuclei in reproduction
Protists to multicellularity (3)
Division of labour
Need to specialise for reproduction
Need to re build the specialised differentiated body
How did multicellularity come about? (3)
Products of cell division stayed together
Secondary cell division of multi nuclear cell
Colonial living means organisms are more integrated (eg choanoflagellates)
Solitary individuals to colonies
Directly analogous to evolution of multicellularity (have a specialisation of functions)
Division of labour
Disadvantages of colonies
Need to rebuild the specialised differentiated body
Need to specialise for reproduction
What’s the difficulty with colonies?
Selection acts on individuals so how can it be advantageous?
What’s the solution to living in colonies?
Avoid cheating (as both lose)
People get neutral benefits (eg. Packs)
Kin selected altruism (favours reproductive success of organisms relatives)
give an example of morphogen patterns
Example of cheetah with spots but striped tail (due to size and object (tube) etc
What are Turing patterns?
It causes changes in patterns of animals but requires an activator chemical and inhibitor.
Development (3)
Increase cell number
Differentiation of cells to multiple cell types
Co-ordinated suite of molecular and cellular processes to control cell number, position and its fate.
How are humans and worms immune systems similar
They have same model but different use, but they are fundamentally the same process
So-fold cost of sex
Asexual reproduction is twice as efficient
Sexual reproduction: offspring is half the number of asexual but they’re more varied
