Evolution

Question 1

organisms w/ similar underlying anatomy, different function, but common evolutionary origin
demonstrate similar evolutionary patterns w/ late divergence of form due to differences in exposure to evolutionary forces
Ex: wings of a bat, flipper of a whale, forelegs of a horse, and the arms of a human

Answer 1

homologous structures

Question 2

indicates the organisms get more complex over time but unifying trends are observed

Answer 2

fossil record

Question 3

structures have similar functions but have different evolutionary origins and different patterns of development
demonstrate superficial resemblances that cannot be used as a basis for classification
Ex: wings of a fly (membranous) and wings of a bird (bony and covered in feathers)

Answer 3

analogous structures

Question 4

structures that appear to be useless in the context of a particular modern-day organism’s behavior and environment
structures that were apparently useful at once time
serve as evidence of an organism’s evolution over time-help trace evolutionary path
Ex: appendix / bony tail (coccyx tail bone)

Answer 4

vestigial structures

Question 5

species multiplication is often accompanied by _____, which lessens intraspecific competition

Answer 5

migration

Question 6

separate of a widely distributed population by emerging geographic barries causes each population to evolve specific adaptions to where it lives in addition to the accumulation of neutral (random) changes
adaptations will remain unique to the populations in which they evolve if interbreeding is prevented by the barrier
genetic differences will eventually reach the point where interbreeding becomes impossible

Answer 6

geographical isolation

Question 7

type of isolation in which interbreeding to produce viable offspring is impossible

Answer 7

reproductive isolation

Question 8

genetic differences reach a point where interbreeding becomes impossible
reproductive isolation would be maintained if the geographic barrier were removed
creation of a new species by some type of prolonged isolation

Answer 8

speciation

Question 9

theory of evolution
principle of use and disuse
inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 9

Lamarckian Evolution

Question 10

theory of evolution

survival of the fittest, adaptations, natural selection

Answer 10

Darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 11

part of Lamarckian evolution
idea that hose organs of the body used extensively to cope w/ the environment become larger and stronger while those organs that are not used deteriorate

Answer 11

principle of use and disuse

Question 12

part of Lamarckian evolution
modifications an organism acquires during a lifetime can be passed along to its offspring
Ex: early giraffes stretched their necks to reach leaves in tall trees, so giraffes eventually developed long necks
disproved by modern genetics

Answer 12

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 13

changes in the DNA of ______ are the only types of changes that can be inherited

Answer 13

sex cells

Question 14

acquired changes are changes in the characteristics and organization of the _____ cells and cannot be inherited

Answer 14

somatic cells

Question 15

part of Darwinian evolution
pressures in the environment serve to promote “the survival of the fittest” i.e. certain organisms are better adapted to their environments and are “selected” to survive in greater numbers than less fit organisms. These well-adapted organisms reproduce and multiply ,resulting in evolutionary change

Answer 15

theory of natural selection

Question 16

1. individuals of any population vary from one another in many characteristics (due to mutation)
2. variations through mutation to DNA can be inherited
3. members of a population produce more offspring than the environment can support (causes competition)
4. those individuals whose inherited characteristics fit them best to their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individs
5. over many generations of natural selection, the favorable changes (adaptations) are perpetuated in the species; accumulation of these favorable changes eventually results in speciation

Answer 16

darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 17

According to Darwin, the accumulation of favorable changes to the gene pool (adaptations) will eventually result in ______

Answer 17

speciation

Question 18

change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling

Answer 18

genetic drift

Question 19

loss of genetic variation the occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population

Answer 19

founder effect

Question 20

independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages
creates analogous structures that are similar in form but not present in the most recent common ancestor
Ex: wings of flying insects, birds, and bats

Answer 20

convergent evolution

Question 21

accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of a new species
usually a result of diffusion of the same species to a different and isolated environment that blocks gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiation of characteristics through genetic drift and natural selection
Ex: Darwin’s finches

Answer 21

divergent evolution