Evolution Flashcards
The change of allele frequency in a population
Microevolution
Sources of genetic variation
New alleles/mutations
Altering gene number or position
Rapid reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Gene pool
All the alleles for all loci in a population and their frequencies
When a population isn’t evolving
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium requirement (5)
No mutations, Random mating, No natural selection, Large population size, No gene flow
Hardy-Weinberg Equation!
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Random events that can majorly affect a small population is an example of…
Genetic drift
Alleles coming in from new areas and mixing with the current population…
Gene flow
A few of a group get isolated in a new area
The founder effect
Sudden big reduction of a population into a smaller population
The bottleneck effect
Genetic drift key points (4)
- Significant in small populations
- Can cause allele frequencies to change at random
- Can lead to loss of variation
- Can cause harmful alleles to be fixed
Modes of selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of others
Relative fitness
Miller-Urey Experiment
Miller set up closed system mimicking early earth, flask simulating the primeval sea. Vapor in air, sparks to mimick lightning
Past Organisms are very different from current ones
Macroevolution
Four main stages for the formation of the first living cells
- Synthesis of organic compounds
- Synthesis of macromolecules
3.Protocells (envelopes with different interiors and exteriors) - Self replication and metabolism
Organic molecules forming in oceans “_________” and powered by…
Primitive Soup (powered by deep-sea hydrothermal vents, alkaline vents specifically)
What helped make macromolecules from organic molecules?
Clay, from charged binding sites (bring monomers closer together)
Vesicle (liposomes) production
Form spontaneously when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water
Why RNA and not DNA as first genetic material?
DNA replication is elaborate, mRNA plays role in protien synthesis and can do some catalytic reactions.
Affect of “oxygen revolution”
Creation of iron, killed a lot of prokaryotic groups, cellular respiration,
Early cells: Origin of EG and nuclear envelope
Infolding of plasma membrane
Mitochondria may have evolved when….
Larger ancestral prokaryote ate a aerobic bacterium and began a endysymbiont
Plastids may have evolved when
An ancestral eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium and began a endysymbiont
