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I and P- year 2 > Evidence for population and health > Flashcards

Evidence for population and health Flashcards

1
Q

define epidemiology

A

is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease

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2
Q

what is a anecdote or case series

A

story, not fact

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3
Q

define case series

A

more than 1 person with a disease
a type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have received a similar treatment,[1] or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome.
MMR.

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4
Q

what are the pros of a anecdote study

A
  • Quick
  • Easy to perform in a clinic
  • Provides new previously unobserved conditions
  • Provides new potential risk factors.
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5
Q

what are the cons of a anecdote study

A
  • Not scientific- not able to test hypothesis
  • Seriously affected by observer bias
  • Difficult to make inference about disease cause.
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6
Q

what is a cross sectional survey

A

Snapshot of people with an outcome.

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7
Q

what are the pros of a cross sectional survey

A
  • Quick

* Good at estimating prevalence or burden

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8
Q

what are the cons of a cross sectional survey

A
  • Only represents that point in time
  • Cannot estimate incidence
  • Sampling frame may lead to bias (e.g missing “workers”)
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9
Q

define prevelance

A

number of people have that disease at that point in time, typically measured as a percentage.

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10
Q

define incidence

A

The number of new cases of the disease

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11
Q

define analytical epidemiology

A

Woking out the determinants of disease in a population.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the cause of a disease

A
  • The cause must occur before the outcome.

* You cannot see a cause of the disease.

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13
Q

define counterfactual method

A
  • If you kept all the variables the same but removed the cause of a disease would the disease still occur?
  • In reality you cannot create this situation as you would need 2 identical worlds, but it is a good tool for a thought experiment.
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14
Q

define ecological study

A

Unit of observation is a group.

• Comparison of 2 populations- e.g. in 2 different areas.

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15
Q

pros of ecological study

A
  • Less expensive
  • Less prone to bias due to participation
  • Easy to perform using routinely collected data
  • Provides new hypotheses about the causes of a disease or condition.
  • Provides new potential risk factors.
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16
Q

cons of ecological study

A
  • Ecological fallacy- do population measures hold for the individual?
  • Assume average value of the risk factors applies to all individuals.
  • Assume average incidence applies to all the individual applies to all the individual in a population.
  • Data collection may vary e.g. coding systems.
17
Q

what is the unit of observation in a ecological study

A

a group (not an individual)

18
Q

what is the risk ratio in a case controlled study

A

disease in case/ disease in control.

19
Q

what does a risk ratio of one mean

A

exposure increases the risk of disease

20
Q

what does the risk ratio of less than 1

A

exposure lowers the risk of disease

21
Q

how does a case controlled study work

A

looks at individuals with and outcome.

First, identify the cases (a group known to have the outcome) and the controls (a group known to be free of the outcome). Then, look back in time to learn which subjects in each group had the exposure(s), comparing the frequency of the exposure in the case group to the control group.

22
Q

what are the pros of case controlled study

A

good for rare diseases

fairly quick

23
Q

what are the cons of a case controlled study

A

prone to selection bias
especially prone to participation bias
finding a suitable control can be difficult
difference in recall

24
Q

what is the best type of observation study

A

cohort study

25
Q

what is cohort study

A

study population if followed through time to see which individual become exposed or not exposed to factors and how this affects the rate of outcome.

26
Q

what are the pros of a cohort study

A

good rare exposure
can look at multiple outcomes
reduced information bias
direct measurement of incidence

27
Q

what are the cons of a cohort study

A

inefficient for rare diseases
expensive
retrospective is quicker
loss of follow up

28
Q

what are the main examples of cohort studies

A 
British doctor’s cohort (doll and smoking)
Framingham study (cardiovascular)
Atomic Bomb exposure cohort
British birth cohorts
o	Millennium cohort
o	Avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC)
Upcoming large cohort
o	Bradford babies
o	UK biobanks
29
Q

what is a cross sectional study

A

looks at a defined population as now point and checks for the outcome.
For example a random sample of schools across London may be used to assess the prevalence of asthma among 12-14 year old

I and P- year 2 (16 decks)

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