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Human Gait > EVERYTHING Abt. Normal Gait > Flashcards

EVERYTHING Abt. Normal Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Step Length

A

distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of other foot

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2
Q

Stride Length

A

distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of same foot at next contact

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3
Q

What is important to know about stride length regarding gender?

A

male stride lengths are 14% longer than female

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4
Q

Stride Time

A

Time for one gait cycle // e.g. time it takes for one stride length

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5
Q

Cadence

A

step rate / walking speed
steps / min

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6
Q

Free Gait

A

free or customary walking speed

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7
Q

Velocity

A

gait speed
distance per unit time
cadence x step length

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8
Q

What % of the gait cycle is Stance?

A

60%

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9
Q

What % of the gait cycle is Swing?

A

40%

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10
Q

What is normal Cadence for Adult Gait?

A

113 steps/min // 90-140 steps/min

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11
Q

What is normal Velocity for Adult Gait?

A

80 m/min or 3.0 mph

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12
Q

What speed is normal gait studied at?

A

3.5 mph

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13
Q

What is normal Step Length for Adult Gait?

A

22-43”

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14
Q

What is normal Stride Length for Adult Gait?

A

1.4 meters

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15
Q

What is a normal Stride Cycle Time for Adult Gait?

A

1.0 - 1.2 seconds

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16
Q

What is normal Step Width for Adult Gait?

A

~5” or 8-10cm

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17
Q

What is normal Toe-Out Angle for Adult Gait?

A

5-7°

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18
Q

What makes up our Passengar Unit of the body?

A

HAT - Head, Arms, and Trunk // 70% of our body weight

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19
Q

What makes up our Locomotor Unit of the body?

A

Pelvic and Legs with 57 active muscles

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20
Q

What is the essential role of our Locomotor Unit?

A

Maintain upright stability despite changing posture, generate propulsion force, shorck absorption of floor at initial contact/onset of stride, energy conservation

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21
Q

What are the 5 pre-requisites for Normal walking?

A
  1. Stability in stance phase 2. Sufficient foot clearance in swing 3. appropriate positioning of foot for initial contact 4. adequate step length 5. energy conservation
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22
Q

What are the 3 requirements for successful locomotive gait?

A
  1. progression 2. posture control 3. adaptation
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23
Q

What is the Rocker Mechanism in Gait?

A

Heel, Ankle, and Forefoot rockers allow the body to advance while the knee stays extended

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24
Q

How does the Heel Rocker work?

A

Initial Contact, body weight is placed on foot. Heel acts as fulcrum, rolling the foot into plantarflexion. Ant tib slows foot drop

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25
Q

How does the Ankle Rocker work?

A

Loading response, ankle joint becomes fulcrum once forefoot strikes ground. Tibia rolls over talus forward in response to momentum

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26
Q

How does the Forefoot Rocker work?

A

As tibia continues to progress forefoot becomes fulcrum. COP reaches metatarsal heads, heel rises.

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27
Q

How does the Toe Rocker work?

A

As COP transfers from metatarsal heads to big toe, big toe becomes fulcrum

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28
Q

What is the order of the Gait Cycle

A

Initial Contact –> Loading Response –> Midstance –> Terminal Stance –> Pre Swing –> Initial Swing –> Mid Swing –> Terminal Swing

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29
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Initial Contact Make up?

A

0-2%

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30
Q

What is the most hazardous point of the gait cycle?

A

Initial Contact – where people can slip and fall if not good enough contact w/ surface

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31
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Loading Response make up?

A

2-12% // important for shock absorption

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32
Q

What Rocker is going on during Loading Response?

A

Heel Rocker

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33
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Mid Stance make up?

A

12-30%

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34
Q

What Rocker is going on during Mid Stance?

A

Ankle Rocker

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35
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Terminal Stance Make up?

A

30-50% // begins when reference heel rises and ends when opposite heel initial contact

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36
Q

What Rocker is going on during Terminal Stance?

A

Forefoot Rocker

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37
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Pre Swing make up?

A

50-62% // beings w/ opposite initial contact and ends with reference toe-off

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38
Q

What Rocker is going on during Pre Swing?

A

Toe Rocker

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39
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Initial Swing make up?

A

62-75% // begins when reference foot lifts from floor and ends when swinging foot lines up with stance foot // MAXIMUM KNEE FLEXION REQUIRED

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40
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Mid Swing make up?

A

75-87% // begins w/ max knee flexion until reference limb is anterior to body and tibia is vertical. TYPICAL FOOT CLEARANCE 1-2cm

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41
Q

What % of the gait cycle does Terminal Swing make up?

A

87-100% // begins w/ vertical tibia on reference limb and ends w/ initial contact

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42
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Initial Contact?

A

Initial floor contact w/o falling or slowing, foward progression, double support

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43
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Loading Response?

A

Shock absorption, posture maintenance, double support

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44
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Mid Stance?

A

Controlled but unrestrained forward progression of body, maximum lateral displacement, highest our CoG gets single support

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45
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Terminal Stance?

A

Free forward fall of body –> heel off / push off, single support

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46
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Pre Swing?

A

Knee flexion timed w/ weight shift, double support, lowest our CoG gets

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47
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Initial Swing?

A

foot clearance and thigh progression, max knee flexion, single support

48
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Mid Swing?

A

continued floor clearance, vertical tibia, single support

49
Q

What Critical Event is occuring during Terminal Swing?

A

Deceleration of swinging limb, pre-positioning of foot for initial contact, single support **eccentric

50
Q

For 0-15% of the gait cycle, the pelvis is rotating how?

A

Internally rotating

51
Q

For 15-60% of the gait cycle, the pelvis is rotating how?

A

Externally rotating

52
Q

For 60-100% of the gait cycle, the pelvis is rotating how?

A

Internally rotating

53
Q

For 0-18% of the gait cycle, the Femur is rotating how?

A

internally rotating

54
Q

For 18-60% of the gait cycle, the Femur is rotating how?

A

Externally rotating

55
Q

For 60-100% of the gait cycle, the Femur is rotating how?

A

internally rotating

56
Q

For 0-20% of the gait cycle, the Tibia is rotating how?

A

internally rotating

57
Q

For 20-60% of the gait cycle, the Tibia is rotating how?

A

Externally rotating

58
Q

For 60-100% of the gait cycle, the Tibia is rotating how?

A

internally rotating

59
Q

For 0-30% of the gait cycle, the Subtalar Joint is rotating how?

A

everting

60
Q

For 30-55% of the gait cycle, the Subtalar Joint is rotating how?

A

inverting

61
Q

For 55-100% of the gait cycle, the Subtalar Joint is rotating how?

A

everting

62
Q

For 0-30% of the gait cycle, the Midfoot is rotating how?

A

increasing pliability

63
Q

For 30-55% of the gait cycle, the Midfoot is rotating how?

A

increasing stability

64
Q

For 55-100% of the gait cycle, the Midfoot is rotating how?

A

increasing pliability

65
Q

What ROM is occuring at Initial Contact?

A

Hip = 20° FL, Knee = 0-5° FL, Ankle = 0° (possible slight inversion 2-3°), MTP = 0°

66
Q

What ROM is occuring at Loading Response?

A

Hip = 20° FL, Knee = 15° FL, Ankle = 5° PF, MTP = 0°

67
Q

What ROM is occuring at Mid Stance?

A

Hip = 0° FL, Knee = 0° FL, Ankle = 5° DF, MTP = 0°

68
Q

What ROM is occuring at Terminal Stance?

A

Hip = 20° EX, Knee = 0° FL, Ankle = 10° DF, MTP = 30° EX

69
Q

What ROM is occuring at Pre-Swing?

A

Hip = 10° EX, Knee = 40° FL, Ankle = 15° PF, MTP = 60° EX

70
Q

What ROM is occuring at Initial Swing?

A

Hip = 15° FL, Knee = 60° FL, Ankle = 5° PF, MTP = 0°

71
Q

What ROM is occuring at Mid Swing?

A

Hip = 25° FL, Knee = 25° FL, Ankle = 0°, MTP = 0°

72
Q

What ROM is occuring at Terminal Stance?

A

Hip = 20° FL, Knee = 0-5° FL, Ankle = 0°, MTP = 0°

73
Q

What Trunk muscles are active at Initial Contact?

A

Back extensors isometrically to stabilize

74
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Initial Contact?

A

Glute Max / Adductor Magnus active. Hamstrings less active

75
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Initial Contact?

A

GRFV anterior of knee joint leading to extension of knee. Quads active to prep for LR, hammies eccentrically

76
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at initial contact?

A

dorsiflexors to maintain ankle position

77
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Loading Response?

A

glutes active to decelerate thigh, abductors (glute med, upper fibers of glute max) iso/ecc to stabilize pelvic drop

78
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Loading Response?

A

peak ecc quad activity for shock absorption, decrease in hamstring activity

79
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at Loading Response?

A

peak eccentric dorsiflexor response, then concentrically for the second half of LR to draw tibia forward. Gastroc/soleus active in late LR

80
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Mid-Stance?

A

stabilized by abductors. Vastii contributes to knee extension, hip extends 2° to hamstring tension, then they extend actively until GRFV is past the joint.

81
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Mid-Stance?

A

quads providing knee stability early on, late midstance they go quiet due to passive extension torque

82
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at Mid-Stance?

A

soleus first, then gastroc to eccentrically control the forward progression of tibia

83
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Terminal Stance?

A

Ant. TFL and adductor longus limits hyperextension and stabilize pelvis. abductors decrease

84
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Terminal Stance?

A

post. muscles limit knee hyperextension then initiates flexion as heel rises

85
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at Terminal Stance?

A

peak eccentric PF, counters DF torque 2° BW, prevents ant. tibial collapse. heel rises through forefoot rocker

86
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Pre-Swing?

A

PF recoil leads to thigh advancement assisted by adductor longus, gracilis, rec fem all concentrically

87
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Pre-Swing?

A

rec fem restrains rapid passive knee flexion at fast speeds but otherwise quiet. flexors quietly come on at end of preswing

88
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at Pre-Swing?

A

residual PF activation due to recoil of achilles. Conc. DF at end of PSw to decel. PF and prepare to lift foot

89
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Initial Swing?

A

iliacus flexion, gracilis and sartorius work synergistically with hip flexion and knee flexion.

90
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Initial Swing?

A

rapid flexion by BFSH, sartorius, and gracilis

91
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at Initial Swing?

A

dorsiflexors to clear toes

92
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Mid-Swing?

A

minimal or no hip flexors

93
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Mid-Swing?

A

hamstrings, BFLH / semi-mem specifically

94
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at Mid-Swing?

A

isometric dorsiflexors to maintain 0° for clearance

95
Q

What Hip muscles are active at Terminal Swing?

A

peak hamstring eccentric deceleration hip flexion/stabilization of hip. glute med prepares to counter adduction of hip flexors, prepared for IC.

96
Q

What Knee Muscles are active at Terminal Swing?

A

hamstrings peak to decelerate knee ext. Quads conc. active to ensure knee ext. All Vastii are on to prepare knee for high ms demands of abrupt drop of BW

97
Q

What Ankle Muscles are active at Terminal Swing?

A

active isometric dorsiflexors

98
Q

How does Loading Response take on an extra 60% of BW in 0.02 seconds?

A

During IC there’s a free fall of 1cm, abrupt loading at LR which takes on 60% of BW

99
Q

Why is arm swing important during gait?

A

conservation of momentum and contributes to the quasi-static stability

100
Q

If someone were to have an ankle fusion and their gait speed is 60m/min, how efficient is their gait?

A

92%

101
Q

If someone were to have a knee immobilizer and their gait speed is 64m/min, how efficient is their gait?

A

76%

102
Q

If someone were to have a hip fusion and their gait speed is 67m/min, how efficient is their gait?

A

68%

103
Q

Someone’s gait speed is 0.2 m/s, what does that mean?

A

extremely frail, risk of death/hospitalization/falls, functional impairments, disability, highly dependent/dc to SNF, household walker

104
Q

Someone’s gait speed is 0.6 m/s, what does that mean?

A

intervention needed to reduce falls, 90% dc home from hospital, limited community ambulator

105
Q

Someone’s gait speed is 0.8 m/s, what does that mean?

A

intervention needed to reduce falls, cognitive decline in 5 years, increased independence in self care, community ambulator

106
Q

Someoe’s gait speed is 1.0 m/s, what does that mean?

A

less likely to be hospitalized, able to do household activities, increased independence, community ambulator

107
Q

Someone’s gait speed is 1.2 m/s, what does that mean?

A

less likely to be hospitalized, able to do household activities, increased independence, community ambulator

108
Q

Someone’s gait speed is 1.4 m/s, what does that mean?

A

less likely to be hospitalized, able to do household activities, increased independence, cross street safely

109
Q

What is a “normal” gait speed?

A

Moderate rate, about 3mph

110
Q

What is gait speed studied at?

A

3.5mph

111
Q

In normal walking, muscles function at what level?

A

3/5 MMT, 25% of normal strengthh

112
Q

What % of the gait cycle happens during walking?

A

60% stance, 40% swing

113
Q

What % of the gait cycle happens during race-walking?

A

50% stance 50% swing

114
Q

What % of the gait cycle happens during running?

A

30% stance 70% swing

115
Q

What % of the gait cycle happens during sprinting?

A

20% stance 80% swing

Human Gait (21 decks)

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