EVERYTHING Abt. Normal Gait Flashcards
1
Q
Step Length
A
distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of other foot
2
Q
Stride Length
A
distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of same foot at next contact
3
Q
What is important to know about stride length regarding gender?
A
male stride lengths are 14% longer than female
4
Q
Stride Time
A
Time for one gait cycle // e.g. time it takes for one stride length
5
Q
Cadence
A
step rate / walking speed
steps / min
6
Q
Free Gait
A
free or customary walking speed
7
Q
Velocity
A
gait speed
distance per unit time
cadence x step length
8
Q
What % of the gait cycle is Stance?
A
60%
9
Q
What % of the gait cycle is Swing?
A
40%
10
Q
What is normal Cadence for Adult Gait?
A
113 steps/min // 90-140 steps/min
11
Q
What is normal Velocity for Adult Gait?
A
80 m/min or 3.0 mph
12
Q
What speed is normal gait studied at?
A
3.5 mph
13
Q
What is normal Step Length for Adult Gait?
A
22-43”
14
Q
What is normal Stride Length for Adult Gait?
A
1.4 meters
15
Q
What is a normal Stride Cycle Time for Adult Gait?
A
1.0 - 1.2 seconds
16
Q
What is normal Step Width for Adult Gait?
A
~5” or 8-10cm
17
Q
What is normal Toe-Out Angle for Adult Gait?
A
5-7°
18
Q
What makes up our Passengar Unit of the body?
A
HAT - Head, Arms, and Trunk // 70% of our body weight
19
Q
What makes up our Locomotor Unit of the body?
A
Pelvic and Legs with 57 active muscles
20
Q
What is the essential role of our Locomotor Unit?
A
Maintain upright stability despite changing posture, generate propulsion force, shorck absorption of floor at initial contact/onset of stride, energy conservation
21
Q
What are the 5 pre-requisites for Normal walking?
A
- Stability in stance phase 2. Sufficient foot clearance in swing 3. appropriate positioning of foot for initial contact 4. adequate step length 5. energy conservation
22
Q
What are the 3 requirements for successful locomotive gait?
A
- progression 2. posture control 3. adaptation
23
Q
What is the Rocker Mechanism in Gait?
A
Heel, Ankle, and Forefoot rockers allow the body to advance while the knee stays extended
24
Q
How does the Heel Rocker work?
A
Initial Contact, body weight is placed on foot. Heel acts as fulcrum, rolling the foot into plantarflexion. Ant tib slows foot drop
25
How does the Ankle Rocker work?
Loading response, ankle joint becomes fulcrum once forefoot strikes ground. Tibia rolls over talus forward in response to momentum
26
How does the Forefoot Rocker work?
As tibia continues to progress forefoot becomes fulcrum. COP reaches metatarsal heads, heel rises.
27
How does the Toe Rocker work?
As COP transfers from metatarsal heads to big toe, big toe becomes fulcrum
28
What is the order of the Gait Cycle
Initial Contact --> Loading Response --> Midstance --> Terminal Stance --> Pre Swing --> Initial Swing --> Mid Swing --> Terminal Swing
29
What % of the gait cycle does Initial Contact Make up?
0-2%
30
What is the most hazardous point of the gait cycle?
Initial Contact -- where people can slip and fall if not good enough contact w/ surface
31
What % of the gait cycle does Loading Response make up?
2-12% // important for shock absorption
32
What Rocker is going on during Loading Response?
Heel Rocker
33
What % of the gait cycle does Mid Stance make up?
12-30%
34
What Rocker is going on during Mid Stance?
Ankle Rocker
35
What % of the gait cycle does Terminal Stance Make up?
30-50% // begins when reference heel rises and ends when opposite heel initial contact
36
What Rocker is going on during Terminal Stance?
Forefoot Rocker
37
What % of the gait cycle does Pre Swing make up?
50-62% // beings w/ opposite initial contact and ends with reference toe-off
38
What Rocker is going on during Pre Swing?
Toe Rocker
39
What % of the gait cycle does Initial Swing make up?
62-75% // begins when reference foot lifts from floor and ends when swinging foot lines up with stance foot // MAXIMUM KNEE FLEXION REQUIRED
40
What % of the gait cycle does Mid Swing make up?
75-87% // begins w/ max knee flexion until reference limb is anterior to body and tibia is vertical. TYPICAL FOOT CLEARANCE 1-2cm
41
What % of the gait cycle does Terminal Swing make up?
87-100% // begins w/ vertical tibia on reference limb and ends w/ initial contact
42
What Critical Event is occuring during Initial Contact?
Initial floor contact w/o falling or slowing, foward progression, double support
43
What Critical Event is occuring during Loading Response?
Shock absorption, posture maintenance, double support
44
What Critical Event is occuring during Mid Stance?
Controlled but unrestrained forward progression of body, maximum lateral displacement, highest our CoG gets single support
45
What Critical Event is occuring during Terminal Stance?
Free forward fall of body --> heel off / push off, single support
46
What Critical Event is occuring during Pre Swing?
Knee flexion timed w/ weight shift, double support, lowest our CoG gets
47
What Critical Event is occuring during Initial Swing?
foot clearance and thigh progression, max knee flexion, single support
48
What Critical Event is occuring during Mid Swing?
continued floor clearance, vertical tibia, single support
49
What Critical Event is occuring during Terminal Swing?
Deceleration of swinging limb, pre-positioning of foot for initial contact, single support **eccentric
50
For 0-15% of the gait cycle, the pelvis is rotating how?
Internally rotating
51
For 15-60% of the gait cycle, the pelvis is rotating how?
Externally rotating
52
For 60-100% of the gait cycle, the pelvis is rotating how?
Internally rotating
53
For 0-18% of the gait cycle, the Femur is rotating how?
internally rotating
54
For 18-60% of the gait cycle, the Femur is rotating how?
Externally rotating
55
For 60-100% of the gait cycle, the Femur is rotating how?
internally rotating
56
For 0-20% of the gait cycle, the Tibia is rotating how?
internally rotating
57
For 20-60% of the gait cycle, the Tibia is rotating how?
Externally rotating
58
For 60-100% of the gait cycle, the Tibia is rotating how?
internally rotating
59
For 0-30% of the gait cycle, the Subtalar Joint is rotating how?
everting
60
For 30-55% of the gait cycle, the Subtalar Joint is rotating how?
inverting
61
For 55-100% of the gait cycle, the Subtalar Joint is rotating how?
everting
62
For 0-30% of the gait cycle, the Midfoot is rotating how?
increasing pliability
63
For 30-55% of the gait cycle, the Midfoot is rotating how?
increasing stability
64
For 55-100% of the gait cycle, the Midfoot is rotating how?
increasing pliability
65
What ROM is occuring at Initial Contact?
Hip = 20° FL, Knee = 0-5° FL, Ankle = 0° (possible slight inversion 2-3°), MTP = 0°
66
What ROM is occuring at Loading Response?
Hip = 20° FL, Knee = 15° FL, Ankle = 5° PF, MTP = 0°
67
What ROM is occuring at Mid Stance?
Hip = 0° FL, Knee = 0° FL, Ankle = 5° DF, MTP = 0°
68
What ROM is occuring at Terminal Stance?
Hip = 20° EX, Knee = 0° FL, Ankle = 10° DF, MTP = 30° EX
69
What ROM is occuring at Pre-Swing?
Hip = 10° EX, Knee = 40° FL, Ankle = 15° PF, MTP = 60° EX
70
What ROM is occuring at Initial Swing?
Hip = 15° FL, Knee = 60° FL, Ankle = 5° PF, MTP = 0°
71
What ROM is occuring at Mid Swing?
Hip = 25° FL, Knee = 25° FL, Ankle = 0°, MTP = 0°
72
What ROM is occuring at Terminal Stance?
Hip = 20° FL, Knee = 0-5° FL, Ankle = 0°, MTP = 0°
73
What Trunk muscles are active at Initial Contact?
Back extensors isometrically to stabilize
74
What Hip muscles are active at Initial Contact?
Glute Max / Adductor Magnus active. Hamstrings less active
75
What Knee Muscles are active at Initial Contact?
GRFV anterior of knee joint leading to extension of knee. Quads active to prep for LR, hammies eccentrically
76
What Ankle Muscles are active at initial contact?
dorsiflexors to maintain ankle position
77
What Hip muscles are active at Loading Response?
glutes active to decelerate thigh, abductors (glute med, upper fibers of glute max) iso/ecc to stabilize pelvic drop
78
What Knee Muscles are active at Loading Response?
peak ecc quad activity for shock absorption, decrease in hamstring activity
79
What Ankle Muscles are active at Loading Response?
peak eccentric dorsiflexor response, then concentrically for the second half of LR to draw tibia forward. Gastroc/soleus active in late LR
80
What Hip muscles are active at Mid-Stance?
stabilized by abductors. Vastii contributes to knee extension, hip extends 2° to hamstring tension, then they extend actively until GRFV is past the joint.
81
What Knee Muscles are active at Mid-Stance?
quads providing knee stability early on, late midstance they go quiet due to passive extension torque
82
What Ankle Muscles are active at Mid-Stance?
soleus first, then gastroc to eccentrically control the forward progression of tibia
83
What Hip muscles are active at Terminal Stance?
Ant. TFL and adductor longus limits hyperextension and stabilize pelvis. abductors decrease
84
What Knee Muscles are active at Terminal Stance?
post. muscles limit knee hyperextension then initiates flexion as heel rises
85
What Ankle Muscles are active at Terminal Stance?
peak eccentric PF, counters DF torque 2° BW, prevents ant. tibial collapse. heel rises through forefoot rocker
86
What Hip muscles are active at Pre-Swing?
PF recoil leads to thigh advancement assisted by adductor longus, gracilis, rec fem all concentrically
87
What Knee Muscles are active at Pre-Swing?
rec fem restrains rapid passive knee flexion at fast speeds but otherwise quiet. flexors quietly come on at end of preswing
88
What Ankle Muscles are active at Pre-Swing?
residual PF activation due to recoil of achilles. Conc. DF at end of PSw to decel. PF and prepare to lift foot
89
What Hip muscles are active at Initial Swing?
iliacus flexion, gracilis and sartorius work synergistically with hip flexion and knee flexion.
90
What Knee Muscles are active at Initial Swing?
rapid flexion by BFSH, sartorius, and gracilis
91
What Ankle Muscles are active at Initial Swing?
dorsiflexors to clear toes
92
What Hip muscles are active at Mid-Swing?
minimal or no hip flexors
93
What Knee Muscles are active at Mid-Swing?
hamstrings, BFLH / semi-mem specifically
94
What Ankle Muscles are active at Mid-Swing?
isometric dorsiflexors to maintain 0° for clearance
95
What Hip muscles are active at Terminal Swing?
peak hamstring eccentric deceleration hip flexion/stabilization of hip. glute med prepares to counter adduction of hip flexors, prepared for IC.
96
What Knee Muscles are active at Terminal Swing?
hamstrings peak to decelerate knee ext. Quads conc. active to ensure knee ext. All Vastii are on to prepare knee for high ms demands of abrupt drop of BW
97
What Ankle Muscles are active at Terminal Swing?
active isometric dorsiflexors
98
How does Loading Response take on an extra 60% of BW in 0.02 seconds?
During IC there's a free fall of 1cm, abrupt loading at LR which takes on 60% of BW
99
Why is arm swing important during gait?
conservation of momentum and contributes to the quasi-static stability
100
If someone were to have an ankle fusion and their gait speed is 60m/min, how efficient is their gait?
92%
101
If someone were to have a knee immobilizer and their gait speed is 64m/min, how efficient is their gait?
76%
102
If someone were to have a hip fusion and their gait speed is 67m/min, how efficient is their gait?
68%
103
Someone's gait speed is 0.2 m/s, what does that mean?
extremely frail, risk of death/hospitalization/falls, functional impairments, disability, highly dependent/dc to SNF, household walker
104
Someone's gait speed is 0.6 m/s, what does that mean?
intervention needed to reduce falls, 90% dc home from hospital, limited community ambulator
105
Someone's gait speed is 0.8 m/s, what does that mean?
intervention needed to reduce falls, cognitive decline in 5 years, increased independence in self care, community ambulator
106
Someoe's gait speed is 1.0 m/s, what does that mean?
less likely to be hospitalized, able to do household activities, increased independence, community ambulator
107
Someone's gait speed is 1.2 m/s, what does that mean?
less likely to be hospitalized, able to do household activities, increased independence, community ambulator
108
Someone's gait speed is 1.4 m/s, what does that mean?
less likely to be hospitalized, able to do household activities, increased independence, cross street safely
109
What is a "normal" gait speed?
Moderate rate, about 3mph
110
What is gait speed studied at?
3.5mph
111
In normal walking, muscles function at what level?
3/5 MMT, 25% of normal strengthh
112
What % of the gait cycle happens during walking?
60% stance, 40% swing
113
What % of the gait cycle happens during race-walking?
50% stance 50% swing
114
What % of the gait cycle happens during running?
30% stance 70% swing
115
What % of the gait cycle happens during sprinting?
20% stance 80% swing
