Everyday consumer products Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alcohol homologous series functional group?

A

Alcohols (also known as alkanols) are a homologous series containing the functional group -OH known as the hydroxyl group.

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2
Q

How do alcohol names end?

A

Alcohols have an -ol ending in their name.

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3
Q

What is the first member of the alcohol homologous series?

A

The first member of the alcohol series is methanol.

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4
Q

When writing the molecular formula of alcohols where should the functional group be written?

A

When writing the molecular formula of alcohols the functional group is written at the end so that it can be recognised as an alcohol. e.g. C2H5OH

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5
Q

What is the alcohol general formula?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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6
Q

When naming branched chains what gets priority?

A

When naming branched chains the hydroxyl group gets priority.

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7
Q

Describe what happens to the melting and boiling point of alcohols when the length of a hydrocarbon chain increases.

A

As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases the melting and boiling points increase. This is due to the increasing strength of the inter molecular forces as observed in all other homologous series.

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8
Q

Describe the solubility of alcohols as the length of the carbon chain increases.

A

The first three members of the homologous series are soluble (or miscible with) water but solubility decreases as the length of the carbon chain increases.

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9
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Intermolecular forces of attraction between ethanol and water are called hydrogen bonds.

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10
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of an alcohol.

A

The products of complete combustion of an alcohol are water and carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

Why are alcohols used as fuels?

A

Alcohols are used as fuels as they burn with a clean flame and are highly flammable.

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12
Q

What is often used as a substitute to fossil fuels and why?

A

Ethanol is sometimes mixed with petrol as a substitute to fossil fuels as it is renewable and does not increase the carbon dioxide level in the environment (carbon neutral).

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13
Q

What alcohol is commonly used in alcoholic drinks?

A

Ethanol is also the commonly known alcohol that is used in alcoholic drinks.

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14
Q

Identify four uses of alcohols.

A

Alcohols are used as fuels
Alcohols are sometimes used as a substitute to fossil fuels
Alcohols are also used in alcoholic drinks.
Alcohols are also used as feedstock chemicals and solvents.

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15
Q

What is the carboxylic acid homologous series functional group?

A

Carboxylic acids (also known as alkanoic acids) are a family of compounds containing the carboxyl functional group (-COOH)

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16
Q

What do carboxylic acids’ names end with?

A

Carboxylic acids have an -oic ending in their name, for example, ethanoic acid. The name tells you the following information:
eth-contains two carbon atoms
an-contains single c-c bond
oic-contains a carboxyl group (-COOH)

17
Q

What gives carboxylic acids their acidic properties.

A

The carboxyl group gives the molecule acidic properties.

18
Q

Where is the functional group of carboxylic acids written in the molecular formula?

A

In the molecular formula, the functional group is written at the end so they can be recognised as carboxylic acids. For example ethanoic acid CH3COOH

19
Q

What is the first member of the carboxylic acid series?

A

The first member of the carboxylic acid series is methanoic acid,

20
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxylic acids have a genral formula CnH2n+1COOH

21
Q

Describe the solubility of carboxylic acids as the length of the carbon chain increases.

A

Like alcohols, some carboxylic acids are miscible (soluble) with water (as, like the alcohols, they can form hydrogen bonds with water). Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic and butanoic acids are miscible in water, however the solubility decreases as the size/length of the carbon chain increases.

22
Q

What is the pH of carboxylic acids when dissolved in water?

A

When dissolved in water they have a pH of less than 7 (acidic).

23
Q

Describe the melting and boiling points of carboxylic acids as the length of the carbon chain increases.

A

With increasing carbon chain length the melting and and boiling points of carboxylic acids increases, this is due to the increasing strength of intermolecular forces.

24
Q

What are the products of carboxylic acids reacting with bases?

A

Carboxylic acids react in the same way as other laboratory acids. They react with bases to form the same products as inorganic acids.

Acid+base->salt + water

remember if a base is a carbonate then carbon dioxide is also another product.

25
Q

What is ethanoic acid used to make?

A

Ethanoic acid is used to make vinegar.

26
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

Carboxylic acids are made by the chemical oxidation of alcohols. For example ethanol in wine oxidises over time to form ethanoic acid.

27
Q

What are carboxylic acids used as?

A

Carboxylic acids are used as preservatives (pickling vinegar) and in making soaps and medicines.

28
Q

Why is vinegar used in household cleaning products?

A

Vinegar is a dilute solution of ethanoic acid which is used in household cleaning products as it is a non-toxic acid.

29
Q

Which carboxylic acids are naturally occurring and where are they found?

A

Some carboxylic acids are naturally concurring:
methanoic acid is found in nettles and ant stings.
citric acid is found in citrus fruits
lactic acid is found in yogurts.

30
Q

What are the products of carboxylic acids with metals?

A

Like other acids carboxylic acids will react with any metals above hydrogen in the electrochemical series to produce a salt and hydrogen. the general equation is :
acid + metal->salt + hydrogen.

31
Q

What are reaction of metals with carboxylic acids called?

A

These reactions are called redox reactions.