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Biology > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic are much more complex - compartmentalized with internal membranes - have organelles

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2
Q

organelles

A

bodies inside eukaryotic cells surrounded by their own membranes, each is specialized for a certain function

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3
Q

advantages of being compartmentalized

A

1) ph, enzyme, and substrate levels can be kept at optimal levels for each specific process happening inside the cell (processes cannot intervene with each other)
2) free radicals, peroxide, and other strong oxidizing agents cannot intoxicate/damage other parts of the cell (free radicals in the mitochondria)
3) organelles can be moved around the cell (mitochondria for example)

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4
Q

parts of an eukaryotic cell

A
  • nucleus
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • vesicles
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondrion
  • chloroplast (only in plant)
  • microtubules
  • vacuole (only in plant)
  • cilia & flagella
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall (only in plant)
  • cytoskeletal proteins
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5
Q

nucleus

A
  • largest and heaviest organelle in animal cell
  • controls processes inside the cell by controlling the process of gene expression (protein synthesis)
  • surrounded by a nuclear membrane (phospholipid bilayer) with nuclear pores
  • contains nucleoplasm (=nucleolus + chromatin)
  • nucleolus - densely packed DNA + RNA + proteins
  • chromatin - 46 uncoiled DNA molecules associated with histone (chromosome formation) - more densely packed at the edge of the nucleus
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6
Q

rER

A
  • organelle with a single membrane
  • cisternae - flattened membrane sacs that the rER is made of
  • ribosomes are attached to the cisternae (bound ribosomes)
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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • made our of cisternae shorter and more curved than those in ER
  • have no ribosomes
  • final modification/refinement of proteins created in ER - packed into vesicles and secreted (many vesicles next to GA)
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8
Q

vesicles

A
  • organelles with a single membrane with fluid inside
  • can be formed as a result of budding of GA or after endocytosis
  • contain proteins (dark in EM picture)
  • lysosomes (lysozyme) and peroxisomes (catalase)
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9
Q

lysosome

A

contains lysozyme which is used in internal digestion of damaged cell particles/organelles - only animal cells have them

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10
Q

ribosomes

A
  • nor organelles (no membrane)
  • composed of rRNA and proteins (formed in the nucleus)
  • big and small subunit
  • 70S and 80S type - Svedberg is the unit indicating how fast something sediments when centrifuged
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11
Q

proteins synthesized on free vs on bound ribosomes

A

on free - stay inside the cell
on bound - get transported outside of the cell

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12
Q

role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

production of carbohydrates and lipids

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13
Q

how do proteins get refined/modified in the rER?

A

their quarternary structure gets built (conjugated proteins get their prosthetic groups, etc)

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14
Q

how are hormone-producing cells (hormonal glands, pancreas, salivary and stomach glands…) different from other cells (physically)?

A

they have an extensive rER for all that protein production (protein usually seen on the photo of the cells)

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15
Q

plastid and centrioles

A

plastid - a family of double-membraned organelles - like chloroplast (green) also exist red, orange, yellow… - only plants have them!!
centrioles - elongated cylindrical structures - in animal cells only!!

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16
Q

mitochondrion

A
  • site of cell respiration
  • surrounded by a double membrane
  • ribosomes, matrix, inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space, starch grains, cristae, mDNA
17
Q

chloroplast

A
  • surrounded by a double membrane
  • thylakoid membrane containing chlorophyll and other pigments
  • site of photosynthesis
  • stroma, outer membrane, inner memmbrane, granum, thylakoids
18
Q

vacuole

A
  • a big vesicle
  • largest organelle in plant cells
  • stores water and other juices with dissolved compounds (like nicotine in tobacco plants)
  • vesicles in animal cells are smaller and non-permanent
19
Q

cilia and flagella

A
  • project from the cell surface
  • only in animal cells!! (cilia)
  • cilia have the same function as pilli in prokaryotic cells (attachment)
  • used for locomotion (movement)
20
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • composed of phospholipids and proteins
  • controls the transport in and out of the cell (endocytosis and exocytosis)
21
Q

chitin

A

found in cell walls of fungi cells - plant cell walls are made out of cellulose

22
Q

number of membranes
0
1
2

A
  • 80S ribosomes, microtubules, microfilaments
  • rER, sER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles
  • nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

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