1.10. Nucleic acids Flashcards
monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
nucleotide =
pentose sugar (deoxyribose for DNA, ribose for RNA) + PO4^3- + nitrogenous base (N-base)
different nitrogenous bases
- Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T) (in DNA) or Uracil (U) (in RNA)
___ and ___ are made out of two rings and called….
Adenine, Guanine, purines
___, ___ and ___ are made our of only one ring and are called….
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, pyrimidine
which nitrogenous bases are complementary
A-T and G-C
nucleotide in DNA with Adenine as a nitrogenous base is called:
deoxyriboadenosine or can be called just Adenine (A)
nucleotide in DNA with Guanine as a nitrogenous base is called:
deoxyriboguanosine or can be called just Guanine (G)
nucleotide in DNA with Cytosine as a nitrogenous base is called:
deoxyribocytosine or can be called just Cytosine (C)
nucleotide in DNA with Thymine as a nitrogenous base is called:
deoxyribotimosine or can be called just Thymine (T)
In a dehydration reaction of several nucleotides, a ____ is formed.
polynucleotide chain/strand (RNA)
bond connecting two nucleotides
phosphodiester bond
Why are nucleotides (polynucleotide chain, deoxyribonucleotide…) called that?
Because they can be found inside of the cell nucleus (but also in cytoplasm)
On what does the charge of the PO4^3- depend and how?
on the pH of the environment, if pH<7 then there is an excess in H+ ions that’ll bond with the O- parts of the group - OH subgroup formed (one end of the phosphodiester bond)
Where can phospodiester bond be found?
Between neighboring nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain, and between glycerol and fatty acids in a triglyceride molecule.
A-T are bonded by __ ___, and G-C with __ ___.
2, hydrogen bonds, 3, hydrogen bonds
two strands in a DNA are ___, which means that…
antiparallel, parallel but run in opposite directions
draw a non-simplified and a simplified DNA diagram (plus the most simple one - interested only in N-base sequence)
…
Which parts make up the backbone of a polynucleotide strand?
alternating sugars (pentose) and PO4^3- groups
rule of complementary base pairing
the 2 strands are complementary
why can polynucleotide polymerization only happen in the 5’ (five prime end) to 3’ (three prime end) direction?
because of a limitation of the DNA polymizer - its high specificity - can only find pair for and bond the 3 prime end
Two DNA strands are coiled around each other in a structure called…
…double helix.
What does the N-base/nucleotide sequence determine?
heredity (gives DNA its specificity) and the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain and therefore the structure and function of a protein (the presence or absence of a certain functional protein is a heritable trait).
3 different types of RNA
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transport), rRNA (ribosomal)
