Ethnicity: Out of school factors Flashcards
What are the three main out of school factors?
- cultural deprivation
- material deprivation
- racism in wider society
What are the three components of cultural deprivation?
· Family structure and parental support (New Right)
· Attitudes and values
· Intellectual and linguistic skills (Bereiter and Engelman)
What is material deprivation in the context of ethnic differences?
Material deprivation refers to the lack of financial resources and the impact this has on ethnic minorities.
How much more likely are Pakistanis and Bangladeshis to be in the poorest 5th of the population compared to whites?
They are 3x more likely
What percentage of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis earn under £7 per hour?
Almost half earn under £7 per hour - This reflects the prevalence of low-paid, unskilled jobs among these groups
What are some reasons why ethnic minorities may experience greater material deprivation?
- Lack of language skills
- Foreign qualifications not recognized
- Racial discrimination
What is notable about Indian pupils’ educational achievement?
Indian pupils have above-average achievement and are likely from better-off backgrounds - They are twice as likely to attend private schools compared to other ethnic groups
What actions have the government taken regarding material deprivation?
The government has introduced policies to tackle the problem of material deprivation - free school meals
What does Moynihan (1965) believe about black families headed by a lone mother?
Children are deprived of adequate care - This leads to a cycle where black children fail and become inadequate parents themselves
What is Pilkington’s (1997) argument regarding cultural explanations for family structure?
They should be approached with caution due to the danger of ethnocentrism - Ethnocentrism can lead to viewing other cultures as inferior - distract from other failings in the education system
What does Sewell (2009) argue is the reason for black boys underachieving?
A lack of fatherly nurturing or ‘tough love’
How do street gangs influence black boys according to Sewell (2009)?
They offer ‘perverse loyalty and love’ - This serves as a substitute for the nurturing influence of a father
What role do media and rap lyrics play in the identity of black boys?
They create pressure to conform to a media-inspired role model of anti-school black masculinity
What does Gillborn (2008) argue is the real issue affecting black boys’ achievement?
Institutional racism - This contradicts the idea that peer pressure is the main factor
What do cultural deprivation theorists argue about black children’s socialization?
They argue that black children are not socialised into a mainstream culture that values long-term success.
What attitude do cultural deprivation theorists believe black children are socialised into?
A fatalistic, ‘live for today’ attitude that does not value education.
What internal factors might contribute to the attitudes observed in black families?
Racialised expectations.
What did Driver and Ballard’s (1981) research suggest about Asian families?
Asian families have high aspirations for their children and place a high value on education.
What is one key aspect of the ‘Asian work ethic’ mentioned in the context of educational success?
Passing on a strong emphasis on education.
What did Lupton (2004) find regarding adult authority in Asian families?
It is similar to the authority model that operates in schools.
What behavior is expected from children in Asian families according to Lupton’s findings?
Respectful behavior towards adults.
What limitation does the evaluation point out regarding the performance of Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils?
They perform below average at GCSE despite having similar family structures.
What is the view regarding children who do not speak English at home?
They may be held back educationally.
