Ethics: history

Question 1

describe how the smallpox vaccine was discovered

Answer 1

a researcher took a young orphan, cut them and exposed to pus of an individual infected with cowpox. the boy went on to develop cowpox

same done with cowpox, but didn’t develop cow pox

Question 2

describe how the syphilis vaccine was developed

Answer 2

women in a brothel were exposed to mild form of syphilis pathogen, and those who were infected were left for dead

Question 3

before ww2: what was expected of researchers and med profs?

Answer 3

that they would act ethically

Question 4

what changed this assumption

Answer 4

nazi doctors performed medical torture on individuals in camps, without their consent

Question 5

what code was made in response to this? it was the first what

Answer 5

nuremberg code

first code of conduct relating to ethical use of humans in research

Question 6

nuremberg code had 10 points. summarise into 5 points .

Answer 6

• voluntary, informed consent
• can withdraw if request or if further treatment would cause harm
• research done by qualified scientists with highest standard of skill and care
• research in line with current knowledge, including animal research
• risk benefit analysis: must benefit society, must be no other way, risks avoided

Question 7

other code?

Answer 7

declaration of helsinki

Question 8

who made it

other name

Answer 8

world medical assocation

code of ethics

Question 9

declaration of helsinki prioritises what above all else?

Answer 9

patient welfare

Question 10

do most countries have their own version

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

australia

• who
• name of code

Answer 11

NHMRC

National Statement of Ethical Conduct in Human Research