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BMS1042: Public health > Communicable diseases: introduction > Flashcards

Communicable diseases: introduction Flashcards

1
Q

define: communicable disease

A

caused by an infectious agent, which is transmitted from one organism to another

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2
Q

3 requirements/steps to infection

A
  1. infectious agent must be present
  2. infectious agent must be transmitted to the host
  3. infectious agent must invade the host and multiply
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3
Q

step 1?

A

infectious agent must be present

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4
Q

what are the 4 types of infectious agents

A

bacteria
virus
parasite (roundworm, nematode)
fungi (and their toxic products)

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5
Q

step 2?

A

infectious agent must be transmitted to the host

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6
Q

define host

A

person/animal that the pathogen can survive and reproduce in, under normal conditions

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7
Q

name the 4 modes of transmission

A 
direct transmission
indirect transmission
-vehicle borne
-vector borne
-airborne
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8
Q

direct transmission

  • define
  • examples
  • how to control
A

source –> host
through sex, kissing, touching etc
gloves, condoms

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9
Q

vehicle borne transmission

-define

A

source –> food, clothes, bed, cooking utensils –> individual

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10
Q

airborne transmission

  • define
  • how to control
A

source –> dust particles/fungal spores –> individual

wear face mask

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11
Q

vector borne

  • define
  • how to control
A

source –> vector (mosquito, bat) –> individual

clothes, nets, mosquito repellent

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12
Q

does the environment play a role in infectious agent transmission?

A

yes

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13
Q

describe some environmental factors

A

temperature, sanitation, air/water quality, house crowding

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14
Q

step3:

A

the infectious agent must invade the host and multiply

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15
Q

describe the first line of defence that must be invaded

A

skin

mucous membranes - GI and resp tract

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16
Q

what happens once inside the body that causes infection

A

local cellular injury due to

  • competitive metabolism
  • toxin production
  • intracellular replication
  • antigen-antibody response
17
Q

what is a way that prevents the infectious agent from having deterious effects even once it’s in the internal environment?

A

immunisation and vaccination

18
Q

define: vaccination

A

injection of inactivated/weakened pathogens into person

19
Q

what microorganisms are vaccination effective for? what aren’t they?

A

bacteria and viruses. not parasites

20
Q

new vaccine being made?

A

malaria

21
Q

what macro process do vaccines enable?

A

herd immunity

22
Q

define: immunisation

A

physical response to the vaccination (injection of pathogens) which results in antibodies being made.

23
Q

define: virulence

A

strengh of disease

24
Q

define: infection

A

when an infectious agent invades the body and multiplies. results in local cellular injury - toxin production, competitive metabolism, intracellular replication and antigen-antibody response

25
Q

define: primary pathogen

A

pathogen itself can cause disease

26
Q

define: opportunistic pathogen

A

when immune system is weakened, then pathogen can cause disease

27
Q

acute vs chronic disease/

A

last for short or long time

28
Q

in relation to disease course

-what two terms relate to the person being able to SPREAD the disease (rather than show symptoms?)

A

period of latency

period of communicability

29
Q

define: period of latency

A

having infection, but not being able to spread

30
Q

define: period of communicability

A

having infection and being able to spread

31
Q

in relation to disease course

-what two terms relate to the person showing SYMPTOMS of the disease (rather than spreading it?)

A

incubation period

disease period

32
Q

define: incubation period

A

has infection but doesn’t show symptoms

33
Q

define: disease period

A

has infection and shows symptoms

34
Q

define: source of infection

A

site from which pathogen is transmitted to host (eg food)

35
Q

define: reservoir of infection

A

site where pathogen can survive and multiply (eg. gut mucosa)

36
Q

notifiable diseases: what is the name of the scheme

A

national notifiable diseases surveillance scheme

37
Q

what does the national notifiable diseases surveillance scheme require

A

for particular communicable diseases to be reported and monitored by law

38
Q 
what are they?
2xC
2xH
3xM
2 miscellaneous
A 
cholera
chicken pox
hiv
hepatitis
measles 
mumps
malaria 
tetanus
infuenza/avian flu
39
Q

candidates for eradication must fit what 3 requirements

A
  • effective intervention to interrupt transmission must exist
  • tests for it much be accurate (high sensitivity and specificity)
  • there must be no animal reservoir

BMS1042: Public health (27 decks)

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