Ethics Flashcards

Research methods

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1
Q

What is an ethical issue?

A
  • A conflict between 2 points of view
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2
Q

Why might an ethical issue occur?

A
  • when there is a conflict between the rights of the p’s and the needs of the researchers to conduct research that makes a meaningful contribution to society.
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3
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

-concerns the communication of personal information from one person to another and trust that the info will be protected.

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4
Q

Describe confidentiality from the researcher and the p’s point of view.

A

RESEARCHER
- hard to protect if they wish to publish findings
- may guarantee anonymity but may still be obvious who was involved
PARTICIPANT
- the data protection act makes it a legal right

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5
Q

How could you overcome confidentiality and what are the issues with this?

A

OVERCOME:
- protect personal details
- maintain anonymity, use numbers/ letters
ISSUES
- can still be possible to work out who the p’s were

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6
Q

What is deception?

A

when a participant is not told the true aims of the study and thus cannot give valid consent.

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7
Q

Describe deception from a researcher and p’s point of view.

A

RESEARCHER
- can be necessary so the aim isn’t worked out
- maybe with hold info of the research aim but don’t deliberately provide false info
PARTICIPANT
- prevented from giving valid consent
- may see psychologist as untrustworthy, may not take part in future research

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8
Q

how could you overcome deception and what are the issues with this?

A

OVERCOME
- right to withdraw
- opportunity to discuss any concerns
ISSUES
- debriefing cannot reverse embarrassment
- permission may not be given

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9
Q

What is risk of harm

A

p’s must not experience negative physical/psychological effects

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10
Q

describe risk of harm from the researcher and p’s point of view.

A

RESEARCHER
- studying important topics may involve a degree of risk of harm
- difficult to predict the outcome of certain procedures (milgram)
PARTICIPANT
- acceptable if harm is no greater than the p’s would experience day to day
- must be in the same state after and before

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11
Q

How can you overcome risk of harm and what is the issue with this?

A

OVERCOME
- avoid any risk greater than experienced in daily life
- stop if harm is suspected
ISSUES
- harm may not be apparent at the time

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12
Q

What is privacy?

A

A persons right to control the flow of information about themselves.

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13
Q

Describe privacy from the researcher and the p’s point of view.

A

RESEARCHER
-may be difficult to avoid invasion of privacy when studying p’s without their awareness (field exp)
PARTICIPANT
- people don’t expect to be observed in certain situations

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14
Q

How would you overcome the issues of privacy and what are the issues with this?

A

OVERCOME
- do not study anyone without valid consent unless in a public space/ public behaviour
ISSUES
- no universal agreement about what constitutes a public space/ public behaviour

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15
Q

Describe the ethical issue: risk to the p’s values beliefs, relationships, status or privacy
How can this be dealt with?

A
  • psychologists should consider the impact the research may have on the p’s.
  • ensuring that the privacy of the p’s is maintained through confidentiality
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16
Q

What is valid consent?

A
  • p’s are given information on the nature and purpose of the study and their role in it.
  • make an informed decision on whether they want to participate
17
Q

Describe valid consent from the researcher and the p’s point of view.

A

RESEARCHER
- may cause p’s to guess the aim, changing how they behave
PARTICIPANT
- need to make an informed decision
- basic human right

18
Q

How would you gain valid consent and are there any issues with this?

A
  • consent form
  • U16s parental consent
  • presumptive consent
  • retrospective consent
    -prior general consent
    ISSUES
  • full info may invalidate the study
  • still may not fully understand
  • presumptive consent, presumes you will agree, experiencing may be different
19
Q

Who are the 5 vulnerable populations stated by the BPS.

A
  • children under 16
  • patients in care
  • learning/communication difficulties
  • in custody/probation
    engaging in illegal activity e.g. drug abuse
20
Q

What does the psychologist need to ensure from vulnerable individuals and why?

A
  • valid consent from a parent/guardian of the individual
  • due to the fact that they may not understand the reasons so cannot give informed consent.
21
Q

What are researchers asked to do when working with animals?

A
  • consider alternatives to using animals
    e.g. computer simulations
    if using animals is unavoidable there are strict recommendations about:
  • species type
  • care requirements
22
Q

What is an ethics committee?

A
  • approve any study before it begins
  • look at possible ethical issues and how the researcher suggests they will be dealt with
  • weighing up the benefits to the possible costs to p’s
23
Q

What are ethical guidelines?

A
  • The rules a researcher should follow to ensure their study is as ethical as possible
  • Ethical guidelines could clear the individual researcher of any responsibility as they can say they followed the guidelines so their research is acceptable