* Etc Flashcards
Opponent-process theory
when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology; e.g. the body will counteract repeated use of alcohol (a depressant) by increasing arousal
Expectancy-value theory
states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he/she values succeeding at the goal
Self-determination theory
*Needs autonomy (the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas), competence (the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks), and relatedness (the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships); these 3 needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships w/ oneself and others
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation and established what is referred to as the hierarchy of needs
Negative feedback loop
occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances;
- look for answers in which they undergo a change to reach homeostasis.
Hindsight bias
also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it
Mediating variable
helps explain relationship between two other variables
Proactive social movement
promotes social change
Reactive social movement
resists social change
Confounding variables
factors that could serve as confounds for the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Self-selection bias
arises in any situation in which individuals select themselves into a group, causing a biased sample with nonprobability sampling
