8. Demographics, Groups, Culture Flashcards
Group conformity
compliance w/ a group’s goals, even when the group’s goals may be in direct contrast to an individual’s goals
Absolute Poverty
level of poverty in which an individual is unable to afford minimal standards of food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare
Relative poverty
level of poverty in which an individual earns less than predetermined income threshold that is relative to others in the population being studied
Upward mobility
when a person, social group, or class is moved to a higher position of increased power or status w/in a society; historically in male-dominated fields, women do not enjoy the same status; so any policy that enhances the status of women w/in the field by allowing them access to positions w/ greater power/status would enhance their social mobility
Cultural capital
any non-financial social asset that helps improve an individual’s position/status in society; can help a person gain social mobility, where they improve their status/role w/in a society
Conflict theory
a theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of power differentials in producing social order
Social Exclusion
can arise from a sense of powerlessness when poor individuals feel segregated and isolated from society; the problem is that this attitude can create further obstacles to achieving self-help, independence, and self-respect
Spatial Inequality
focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations; examining space helps to illuminate social inequalities because it attnds to how geography influences social processes
Dynamics involved with social reproduction
refers to the passing of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next
Nutritional inequity
refers to communities with limitations in resources and income, are often not informed about the knowledge and variety of healthy foods in their area. Food equity occurs because certain communities do not have access to high quality foods.
Second sickness
refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice; e.g. during cholera outbreak in London –> those who were poor had worse outcomes
Environmental Injustice
e.g. when a group that is exposed to a certain environmental problems, like climate change affecting third world countries more so.
Social reproduction
e.g. social reproduction of poverty (like when children are born into poverty, passing it along from one generation to another)
Intragenerational versus INTERgenerational immobility
- Intra - changes in social status that happen w/in a person’s lifestime
- Inter - changes from parents to children
Residential segregation
The physical separation of 2 or more groups into diff’t neighborhoods, or a form of segregation that “sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level”; e.g. cultural diversity, or in rural communities, the likelihood to follow the career path of parents
