Essential words - Unessential 2 Flashcards
Deprived
dɪˈpraɪvd
محروم
not having the things that are necessary for a comfortable or happy life
Deprived children tend to do less well at school.
Pesticide
ˈpestɪəsaɪd
a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops➔ herbicide
Barometer
bəˈrɑːmɪətər
Harping
informal
to talk about something continuously, especially in a way that is annoying or boring:
My grandfather harps on about the war all the time.
Plethora
ˈpleθərə
a very large number of something, usually more than you need
a plethora of suggestions
Granular
ˈgrænjʊələr
consisting of granules
دانهبندی
Decay
dɪˈkeɪ
1- to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process, or to make something do this
2- if traditional beliefs, standards etc decay, people do not believe in them or support them any more SYN: Decline
In Orthodox Europe, mass religion seems to have decayed less.
Bestow
bɪˈstoʊ
To give someone something of great value or importance
عطا کردن
Honors bestowed on him by the Queen
Reincarnation
ˌriːɪnkɑːrˈneɪʃən
the person or animal that contains the soul of a dead person or animal
She thinks she is a reincarnation of Cleopatra.
Cram
kræm
to force something into a small space
Jill crammed her clothes into the bag.
Ensuing
ɪnˈsuːɪŋ
متعاقب
happening after a particular action or event, especially as a result of it SYN: Following
In the ensuing fighting, two students were killed.
Jot
dʒɑːt
to write a short piece of information quickly
Let me jot down your number and I’ll call you tomorrow.
Flesh
to add more details to something in order to make it clear, more interesting etc
SYN: put flesh on something
You need to flesh out your argument with a few more examples.
Punchy
ˈpʌntʃi
a punchy piece of writing or speech is short but very clear and effective
his style is journalistic, with short punchy sentences
Poignant
pɔɪnjənt
making you feel sad or full of pity
a poignant reminder of our nation’s great sacrifices
Succinct
səkˈsɪŋkt
clearly expressed in a few words – use this to show approval
SYN: Concise
a succinct explanation
Pertinent
ˈpɜːrtɪənənt
directly relating to something that is being considered
SYN: Relevent
He asked me a lot of very pertinent questions.
Fatigue
fəˈtiːg
very great tiredness
SYN: Exhaustion
Sam’s face was grey with fatigue.
Bloated
ˈbloʊtɪəd
footnote
1- full of liquid, gas, food etc, so that you look or feel much larger than normal
2- if you describe an organization as bloated, you mean that it is too big and does not work effectively
- I feel really bloated after that meal.
- the bloated state bureaucracy
Cramp
kræmp
a severe pain that you get in part of your body when a muscle becomes too tight, making it difficult for you to move that part of your body
Several players were suffering from cramp.
Avid
ˈævɪəd
doing something as much as possible
SYN: Keen
مشتاق
an avid collector of old jazz records
Contrary
ˈkɑːntreri
contrary ideas, opinions, or actions are completely different and opposed to each other
SYN: Opposing
Two contrary views emerged.
Fatigued
fəˈtiːgd
extremely tired
SYN: Exhausted
Sara looked white and fatigued.
Perishable
ˈperɪʃəbəl
food that is perishable is likely to decay quickly
perishable goods such as butter, milk, fruit and fish
Dangle
ˈdæŋgəl
to hang or swing loosely, or to make something do this
Squint
skwɪnt
to look at something with your eyes partly closed in order to see better
Stop squinting at the screen – put your glasses on.
Errand
ˈerənd
a short journey in order to do something for someone, for example delivering or collecting something for them
She was always sending me on errands.
He quickly set out on his errand of mercy.
Battered
ˈbætərd
old and in bad condition
a battered old suitcase
Proponent
prəˈpoʊnənt
someone who supports something or persuades people to do something
SYN: Advocate
Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women’s rights.
Sonorous
ˈsɑːnərəs
having a pleasantly deep loud sound
a sonorous voice
Enthusiastic
ɪnˌθuːziˈæstɪk◂
feeling or showing a lot of interest and excitement about something
All the staff are enthusiastic about the project.
Collocations:
* greate deal of enthusiasism: She should be able to help you because she has a great deal of enthusiasm.
Tentative
ˈtentətɪv
آزمایشی
not definite or certain, and may be changed later
SYN: Provisional
I passed on my tentative conclusions to the police.
Thoughtless
ˈθɔːtləs
not thinking about the needs and feelings of other people, especially because you are thinking about what you want
OPP: Thoughtful
a selfish and thoughtless man
Spurious
ˈspjʊriəs
جعلی
a spurious statement, argument etc is not based on facts or good thinking and is likely to be incorrect
* He demolished the Opposition’s spurious arguments.
* spurious sympathy
Judicious
dʒuːˈdɪʃəs
done in a sensible and careful way
SYN: Wise
a judicious choice
Manuscript
ˈmænjʊəskrɪpt
a book or piece of writing before it is printed
Unfortunately, parts of the original manuscript have been lost.
Rherotic
ˈretərɪk
لفاظی
language that is used to persuade or influence people, especially language that sounds impressive but is not actually sincere or useful
The speech was dismissed by some people as merely political rhetoric
Distort
dɪˈstɔːrt
to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear
تحریف کردن
* Buildings can distort radio signals.
* His face was distorted in anger
Tray
treɪ
Controversial
ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃəl◂
causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed
a highly controversial plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam.
Collocations:
Nouns
* a controversial issue/ topic/ subject: I tried to avoid controversial topics such as politics and religion.
* a controversial decision: The court’s decision was highly controversial.
* a controversial plan/ proposal/ policy: the controversial plan to build a new airport
* a controversial figure (=a person who does controversial things): He is a controversial figure in politics.
* controversial legislation (=controversial laws): The controversial legislation has not yet been officially approved.
Adverbs
* highly controversial: This policy is highly controversial.
* politically controversial: The area of workers’ rights remains politically controversial.
Adhere
ədˈhɪr
1- to stick firmly to something
2- to continue to behave according to a particular rule, agreement, or belief
The eggs of these fish adhere to plant leaves.
We adhere to the principles of equal rights and freedom of expression for all.
I have adhered strictly to the rules.
Ample
ˈæmpəl
more than enough
SYN: Sufficient
There is ample evidence that climate patterns are changing.
Clutter
ˈklʌtər
to cover or fill a space or room with too many things, so that it looks very untidy
The walls were cluttered with paintings and prints.
Almost
ɒːlˈmoʊst
nearly, but not completely or not quite:
The story is almost certainly true.
Canoe
kəˈnuː
Adjacent
əˈdʒeɪsənt
a room, building, piece of land etc that is adjacent to something is next to it
We stayed in adjacent rooms.
Banter
ˈbæntər
friendly conversation in which people make a lot of jokes with, and amusing remarks about, each other
I watched the guys as they bantered with the waitresses.
v.
Stave
to keep someone or something from reaching you or affecting you for a period of time
She brought some fruit on the journey to stave off hunger.
جلوگیری کردن
Namesake
ˈneɪmseɪk
another person, especially a more famous person, who has the same name as someone
Like his famous namesake, young Washington had a brave, adventurous spir
v.
Enact
ɪˈnækt
Formal
to make a proposal into a law
Congress refused to enact the bill.
نمایش دادن، بصورت قانون دراوردن، وضع کردن تصویب کردن
Aroma
əˈroʊmə
a strong pleasant smell
the aroma of fresh coffee
Adj.
Vigilant
ˈvɪdʒɪələnt
giving careful attention to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity
Please remain vigilant at all times and report anything suspicious.
هوشیار، گوش بزنگ، مراقب
n.
Entourage
ˈɒ:ntʊrɑːʒ
Singular (I’ve seen the plural form of “entourages”)
a group of people who travel with an important person
the president and his entourage
محیط، همراهان، دوستان، دوروبر اطرافیان
n.
Conservation
ˌkɒ:nsəˈveɪʃən
uncountable
the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed
SYN: Preservation
wildlife conservation
Collocations:
* a conservation area (=an area where animals and plants are protected): a wildlife conservation area
Adj.
Conspicuous
kənˈspɪkjuəs
very easy to notice
OPP: Inconspicuous
The notice must be displayed in a conspicuous place.
ظاهر، اشکار، انگشت نما، پدیدار، توی چشم خور
Reminisce
ˌremɪəˈnɪs
to talk or think about pleasant events in your past
a group of former students reminiscing about their college days
یاد گذشته ها کردن
Despondent
dɪˈspɒ:ndənt
ناامید
extremely unhappy and without hope
Gill had been out of work for a year and was getting very despondent.
Debut
debu:
to introduce a product to the public for the first time➔ release
Ralph Lauren debuted his autumn collection in Paris last week.
ٰVolcano
Collocations:
Verbs
* a volcano erupts (=it sends smoke, fire, and rock into the sky)The volcano last erupted 50 years ago.
Adjectives
* active (=it may erupt at any time): Mount Etna is still an active volcano.
* dormant (=it has not erupted for a long time): Volcanoes can remain dormant for hundreds of years.
* extinct (=it does not erupt any more): The lake is at the foot of an extinct volcano.
Archaeology
ˌɑːrkiˈɒ:lədʒi
the study of ancient societies by examining what remains of their buildings
Salivate
ˈsælɪəveɪt
to look at or show interest in something or someone in a way that shows you like or want them very much – used to show disapproval
The media are salivating over the story.
آماده شدن فرد منتظر بمنظور گاییدن دیگری
Mnemonic: سلیطه
Savor
ˈseɪvər
1- to seem to involve something bad or to have some of a bad quality
2- a pleasant taste or smell
We must avoid anything that savours of corruption.
Life seemed to have lost its savour for him.
Cranky
ˈkræŋki
strange
Organic farming is no longer thought of as cranky.
Inn
ɪn
a small hotel or pub, especially an old one in the countryside
Brash
bræʃ
behaving too confidently and speaking too loudly – used to show disapproval
brash journalists
Prominent
ˈprɒ:mɪənənt
important
a prominent Russian scientist
Trajectory
trəˈdʒektəri
formal
the events that happen during a period of time, which often lead to a particular aim or result:
The decision was certain to affect the trajectory of French politics for some time to come.
Lackluster
ˈlækˌlʌstər
not exciting, impressive etc
SYN: Dull
a lacklustre performance
عملکرد ضعیف
Terracotta
ˌterəˈkɒ:tə◂
hard reddish-brown baked clay
Mnemonic: “Traditional Earthenware, Reddish, Really Attractive, Crafted Of Tough, Tangible Artistry”. This sentence captures the essence of terracotta, its color, and its use in creating art.
a terracotta pot
Yield
jiːld
1- to produce a result, answer, or piece of information
2- Yield to something: if one thing yields to another, it is replaced by that thing
SYN: Give way to something
resulted in, produced
حاصل - تولید شده
Laughter quickly yielded to amazement as the show went on.
Our research has only recently begun to yield important results.
Restrictive
rɪˈstrɪktɪv
limiting
Filthy
ˈfɪlθi
very dirty
The house was filthy, with clothes and newspapers strewn everywhere.
Gala
gælə
a public entertainment or performance to celebrate a special occasion
the Society’s Gala Dinner
Gruesome
ˈgruːsəm
وحشتآور
very unpleasant or shocking, and involving someone being killed or badly injured
Police described it as a particularly gruesome attack.
Torture
ˈtɔːrtʃər
to deliberately hurt someone in order to force them to give you information, to punish them, or to be cruel
Political opponents of the regime may be tortured.
Inmate
ˈɪnmeɪt
someone who is being kept in a prison
Raucous
ˈrɒːkəs
خشن
sounding unpleasantly loud
He burst into raucous laughter.
Sedate
sɪˈdeɪt
moving slowly and calmly
We continued our walk at a sedate pace.
Grunge
grʌndʒ
a style of fashion and music popular with young people in the 1990s, involving loud electric music and dirty clothes, hair etc
grunge rock
Defunct
dɪˈfʌŋkt
not existing any more, or not useful any more
the now-defunct nuclear reactor
Pottery
ˈpɒtəri
objects made out of baked clay
Native Iranian pottery
Thrust
θrʌst
to push something somewhere roughly
He thrust me roughly towards the door.
thrust something ↔ aside
phrasal verb
to refuse to think about something:
Our complaints were thrust aside and ignored.
thrust something upon/ on somebody
phrasal verb
if something is thrust upon you, you are forced to accept it even if you do not want it:
She never enjoyed the fame that was thrust upon her.
He had marriage thrust upon him.
Trek
trek
a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure
SYN: Hike
a lonely trek through the forest
Chronic
ˈkrɒ:nɪk
a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured
chronic asthma
Fender
ˈfendər
the side part of a car that covers the wheels
SYN: Wing
Dent
if you dent something, or if it dents, you hit or press it so that its surface is bent inwards
No one was injured, but the car was scratched and dented.
Bracelet
ˈbreɪslɪət
Bungalow
ˈbʌŋgəloʊ
a house that is all on ground level
Ratify
ˈrætɪəfaɪ
to make a written agreement official by signing it
We hope that the republics will be willing to ratify the treaty.
Condor
ˈkɑːndər
Plump
plʌmp
1- slightly fat in a fairly pleasant way – used especially about women or children, often to avoid saying the word ‘fat’
2- to gently hit cushions or pillows in order to make them rounder and softer
The nurse was a cheerful plump woman.
Ponder
ˈpɑːndər
to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened
SYN: Consider
He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.
Capsized
if a boat capsizes, or if you capsize it, it turns over in the water
Patron
ˈpeɪtrən
1- someone who supports the activities of an organization, for example by giving money
2- someone who uses a particular shop, restaurant, or hotel
* a wealthy patron
* facilities for disabled patrons
Disheartened
dɪsˈhɑːrtnd
disappointed, so that you lose hope and the determination to continue doing something
If young children don’t see quick results they grow disheartened.
Ripple
ˈrɪpəl
to move in small waves, or to make something move in this way
* Enthusiastic applause rippled around the tables.
- fields of grain rippling in the soft wind
Edible
ˈedɪəbəl
something that is edible can be eaten
OPP: Inedible
These berries are edible, but those are poisonous.
Rhinoceros
raɪˈnɒsərəs
Purveyor
pɜːrˈveɪər
a business that supplies goods, services, or information
purveyors of farmyard fresh poultry
Prey on
to try to deceive or harm weaker people
* religious cults that specialize in preying on young people
- The accident has been preying on my mind all week.
Avert
əˈvɜːrt
to prevent something unpleasant from happening
The tragedy could have been averted if the crew had followed safety procedures.
Waft
wæft
if a smell, smoke, or a light wind wafts somewhere, or if something wafts it somewhere, it moves gently through the air
Cooking smells wafted up from downstairs.
Puberty
ˈpjuːbərti
the stage of physical development during which you change from a child to an adult and are able to have children
Fourteen is a fairly normal age for a girl to reach puberty.
Bemoan
bɪˈmoʊn
to complain or say that you are disappointed about something
He was bemoaning the fact that lawyers charge so much.
Slaughterhouse
ˈslɒːtərhaʊs
a building where animals such as cows or pigs are killed for their meat
SYN: Abattoir (ˈæbətwɑːr)
Paliative
ˈpælieɪtɪv
something done to make a bad situation seem better, but which does not solve the problem
short-term economic palliatives
Embalm
ɪmˈbɑːlm
to treat a dead body with chemicals, oils etc to prevent it from decaying
Chivalry
ˈʃɪvəlri
1- behaviour that is honourable, kind, generous, and brave, especially men’s behaviour towards women
2- a system of religious beliefs and honourable behaviour that knights in the Middle Ages were expected to follow
Fuselage
ˈfjuːsəlɑːʒ
the main part of a plane, in which people sit or goods are carried
Aspiring
əˈspaɪrɪŋ
hoping to be successful in a particular job, activity, or way of life
the aspiring middle classes
Usher
ˈʌʃər
to help someone to get from one place to another, especially by showing them the way
He ushered her into the room.
Creep
kriːp
to move in a quiet, careful way, especially to avoid attracting attention
Johann would creep into the gallery to listen to the singers.
Cockpit
ˈkɒ:kˌpɪt
Windscreen
ˈwɪndskriːn
the large window at the front of a car, bus etc
SYN: Windshield
Recessed
rɪˈsest
fitted into a part of a wall that is further back than the rest of the wall
a recessed bookshelf
Simultaneous
ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəs◂
things that are simultaneous happen at exactly the same time
They grabbed each other’s hands in simultaneous panic.
Purr
pɜːr
1- if a cat purrs, it makes a soft low sound in its throat to show that it is pleased
2- if the engine of a vehicle or machine purrs, it works perfectly and makes a quiet smooth sound
The big Bentley purred along the road.
Wrath
rɒθ
extreme anger
He was scared of incurring his father’s wrath.
Forage
ˈfɒ:rɪdʒ
1- to go around searching for food or other supplies
2- to search for something with your hands in a bag, drawer etc
SYN: Ferret around
People are being forced to forage for food and fuel.
She foraged around in her purse and produced her ticket.
Quadrangle
ˈkwɑːdrængəl
a square open area with buildings all around it, especially at a school or college
SYN: quad
Preservation
ˌprezərˈveɪʃən
when something is kept in its original state or in good condition➔ preserve
Eliot campaigned for the preservation of London’s churches.
The arena is in an exceptionally fine state of preservation.
Mastermind
ˈmæstərmaɪnd
someone who plans and organizes a complicated operation, especially a criminal operation
He is suspected of being the mastermind behind the bombings.
Floodwater
ˈflʌdwɔːtər
water that covers an area during a flood
Devise
dɪˈvaɪz
to plan or invent a new way of doing something
She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
Collocations:
* devise a method/ wayOur aim is to devise a way to improve quality and reduce costs.
* devise a means (=think of a way): We must devise a means of transport that does not pollute the atmosphere.
* devise a system: How do you devise a system of testing students that is completely fair?
* devise a plan/ scheme: Together they devised a clever plan to escape.
* devise a strategy: The region is keen to devise a strategy to develop tourism.
* devise a solution: Representatives met to discuss the crisis and devise solutions.
* devise a programme: Your trainer will devise an exercise programme for you to follow.
* devise an experiment/ test: He devised a series of experiments to test his theory.
Terrain
tɪəˈreɪn,
a particular type of land
rocky terrain
Outlandish
aʊtˈlændɪʃ
strange and unusual
outlandish clothes
Acclaimed
əˈkleɪmd
publicly praised by a lot of people
His work was critically acclaimed.
تحسین شده
v.
Herald
ˈherəld
to be a sign of something that is going to come or happen soon
A flash of lightning heralded torrential rain.
Restoration
ˌrestəˈreɪʃən
when you repair something such as an old building or a piece of furniture, so that it looks the same as when it was first built or made
Major restoration work will begin in May.
Elated
ɪˈleɪtɪəd
extremely happy and excited, especially because of something that has happened or is going to happen
OPP: Depressed
He felt elated and mildly drunk.
Walnut
ˈwɒːlnʌt
Acres
ˈeɪkər
a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,840 square yards or 4,047 square metres
They own 200 acres of farmland.
Pursue
pərˈsuː
to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long period of time
She plans to pursue a career in politics.
a campaign promise to pursue policies that will help the poor
Treat
triːt
to behave towards someone or something in a particular way
Children treated respectfully tend to grow up to be respectful.
Ruby
ˈruːbi
a red jewel
Barn
a large farm building for storing crops, or for keeping animals in
Charcoal
tʃɑːrkoʊl
a black substance made of burned wood that can be used as fuel
cooking over a charcoal fire
v.
Retract
rɪˈtrækt
if you retract something that you said or agreed, you say that you did not mean it
SYN: Withdraw
He confessed to the murder but later retracted his statement.
تکذیب کردن ، تو زدن
Disavow
ˌdɪsəˈvaʊ
to say that you are not responsible for something, that you do not know about it, or that you are not involved with it
Mellifluous
mɪəˈlɪfluəs
a mellifluous voice or piece of music sounds pleasantly smooth
the voice was mellifluous and smooth
Rendition
renˈdɪʃən
someone’s performance of a play, piece of music etc
He gave a moving rendition of Lennon’s ‘Imagine’.
Ravenous
ˈrævənəs
very hungry
I was ravenously hungry.
Appetites
ˈæpɪətaɪt
a desire for food
Her husband always had a huge appetite.
Collocations:
* sexual appetite
* insatiable appetite
* loss/ lack of appetite Symptoms include fever and loss of appetite.|
I’m a bit worried about her lack of appetite.
Satiate
ˈseɪʃieɪt
to satisfy a desire or need for something such as food or sex, especially so that you feel you have had too much
satiate with power, of fame and wealth possess’d
Aglow
əˈgloʊ
if someone’s face is aglow, they seem happy and excited
Linda’s face was aglow with happiness.
Clientele
ˌkliːɪənˈtel,
all the people who regularly use a shop, restaurant etc
The restaurant attracts a young clientele.
Shrubs
ʃrʌb
a small bush with several woody stems
Spirit
ˈspɪrɪət
the qualities that make someone live the way they do, and make them different from other people
I’m 85, but I still feel young in spirit.
Concise
kənˈsaɪs
short, with no unnecessary words
SYN: Brief
Your summary should be as clear and concise as possible.
Rife
raɪf
if something bad or unpleasant is rife, it is very common
Violent crime is rife in our inner cities
Acrimony
ˈækrɪəmoʊni
feelings of anger between people who disagree strongly and do not like each other
a quagmire of lawsuits, acrimony, and finger-pointing
Bunk
bʌŋk
one of two beds that are attached together, one on top of the other
Bustling
ˈbʌsəlɪŋ
a bustling place is very busy
The flower market was bustling with shoppers.
Mansion
ˈmænʃən
a very large house
a beautiful country mansion
Crumble
ˈkrʌmbəl
1- to break apart into lots of little pieces, or make something do this
2- to lose power, become weak, or fail
The fall leaves crumbled in my fingers.
Dwindle
ˈdwɪndl
to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller
His money had dwindled away.
Overseas
ˌoʊvərˈsiːz◂
to or in a foreign country that is across the sea➔ abroad
Chris is going to work overseas.
Contentious
kənˈtenʃəs
causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people
SYN: Controvertial
Animal welfare did not become a contentious issue until the late 1970s.
Stifling
staɪflɪŋ
a room or weather that is stifling is very hot and uncomfortable, so that it seems difficult to breathe
the stifling heat of the tropics
Frenzy
ˈfrenzi
a state of great anxiety or excitement, in which you cannot control your behaviour
Doreen had worked herself into a frenzy.
Casualty
ˈkæʒuəlti
someone who is hurt or killed in an accident or war
civilian casualties
Ultimate
ˈʌltɪəmɪət
better, bigger, worse etc than all other things or people of the same kind
The Rolling Stones are the ultimate rock and roll band.
Identify with sb
همذات پنداری
to feel sympathy with someone or be able to share their feelings
Humans can easily identify with the emotional expressions of chimpanzees
Oedipus
ˈeːdIpəs
in ancient Greek stories, the son of King Laius and Queen Jocasta of thebes. When he was a baby Oedipus was left to die on a mountain by his father, but he was found and taken to live with the King of Corinth, so he did not know who his real parents were. When he became an adult, Oedipus returned to Thebes and, without knowing who they were, killed his father and married his mother. His story is told in the play Oedipus Rex by sophocles.
Protégé
ˈproʊtəʒeɪ
someone, especially a young person, who is taught and helped by someone who has influence, power, or more experience
She attempted to encourage her young protégé.
Resilience
rɪˈzɪliəns
the ability to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event➔ toughness
People showed remarkable resilience during the war.
Dismay
to make someone feel worried, disappointed, and upset
The poor election turnout dismayed politicians.
Butchery
ˈbʊtʃəri
cruel and unnecessary killing
the butchery of battle
Graze
greɪz
if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats grass that is growing
fields where they used to graze their sheep
Broth
brɒːθ
soup with meat, rice, or vegetables
chicken broth
Depict
dɪˈpɪkt
to describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc
a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
Inhabitant
ɪnˈhæbɪətənt
one of the people who live in a particular place
a city of six million inhabitants
Genuine
ˈdʒenjuɪən
a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel
SYN: Sincere
* a genuine fear of invasion
- ‘Did he really?’ Her surprise seemed genuine.
Legitimacy
1- fair or reasonable
2- acceptable or allowed by law
* Opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling.
- That’s a perfectly legitimate question.
In turn
as a result of something
Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.
Forefront
ˈfɔːrfrʌnt
be in/ at/ to the forefront of somebody’s mind/ attention etc
to be what someone is thinking about most, because it is very important to them
Fear of unemployment was at the forefront of everyone’s minds.
Monetary
ˈmɑːnɪəteri
relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country
the government’s tight monetary policy
Determinant
dɪˈtɜːrmɪnənt
something that strongly influences what you do or how you behave
Social class is a major determinant of consumer spending patterns.
sth rest with sb
if a decision rests with someone, they are responsible for it
The final decision rests with the President.
Commodity
kəˈmɒ:dɪəti
a product that is bought and sold
Time is a precious commodity.
Intervention
ˌɪntərˈvenʃən
the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens
government intervention to regulate prices
Agonizing
ˈægənaɪzɪŋ
عذاب آور
very unpleasant to experience, especially because of involving a difficult choice or a long wait
an agonizing decision
Therapist
ˈθerəpɪəst
someone who has been trained to give a particular form of treatment for physical or mental illness
Deter sb from doing sth
to stop someone from doing something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results
The security camera was installed to deter people from stealing.
Deterrent
dɪˈtɜːrənt
something that makes someone less likely to do something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results
The small fines for this type of crime do not act as much of a deterrent.
Inflict sth on sb
ɪnˈflɪkt
to make someone suffer something unpleasant
The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy.
Wrongdoing
ˈrɒŋˌduːɪŋ
illegal or immoral behaviour
Hapless
ˈhæpləs
unlucky
The hapless passengers were stranded at the airport for three days.
Pernicious
pəˈnɪʃəs
مخرب
very harmful or evil, often in a way that you do not notice easily
the pernicious effects of poverty
Inextricable
ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbəl◂
two or more things that are inextricable are closely related and affect each other
the inextricable connection between language and culture
Intertwine
ˌɪntərˈtwaɪn
if two situations, ideas etc are intertwined, they are closely related to each other
The problems of crime and unemployment are closely intertwined.
Barely
ˈberli
only with great difficulty or effort
SYN: Only just
She was very old and barely able to walk.
Eyesore
ˈaɪsɔːr
something that is very ugly, especially a building surrounded by other things that are not ugly
The factory is an eyesore.
Costly
kɒːstli
1- very expensive, especially wasting a lot of money
2- something that is costly causes a lot of problems or trouble
* Such a database would be extremely costly to set up.
- His delay in making a decision could prove costly in the long run.
Stringent
Long haul flights
Long distance flights
Lush rainforests
Luxuriant equatorial forests
Off the beaten track
A place that is not on the main thoroughfare
Thoroughfare
ˈθʌrəfeər
the main road through a place such as a city or village
The motel was off the main thoroughfare.
Thrive
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