Essential Words - Deck 1 Flashcards
Array
əˈreɪ
a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive
- a bewildering array of options
Logging
ˈlɒgɪŋ
the work of cutting down trees in a forest
Environment
ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt
the air, water, and land on Earth, which is affected by man’s activities
Some of these chemicals are very damaging to the environment.
Collocations:
- protect the environment
- stimulating working environment
Word families:
- environment (n.)
- environmental (adj.)
- environmentally (adv.)
Habitat
ˈhæbɪətæt
the natural home of a plant or animal
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
Collocations:
- something’s natural habitat
- damage/destroy a habitat
Pollution
pəˈluːʃən
the process of making air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use, or the state of being dangerously dirty
Collocations:
- tackle pollution
Word families:
- pollution (n.)
- pollutany (n.) (countable)
- pollute (v.)
Extend
ɪkˈstend
get bigger, to reach past
We’d like to extend a warm welcome to our French visitors.
Word families:
- estent (n.)
- esxtend (v.)
- extensive (adj.)
- extensively (adv.)
(v.)
Fell
fel
to cut down a tree
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
Nutrient
ˈnjuːtriənt
footnote
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
Terrestrial
tɪəˈrestriəl
1- relating to the Earth rather than to the moon or other planets
2- living on or relating to land rather than water
3- TV etc that is broadcast from the Earth rather than from a satellite
Aquatic
əˈkwætɪk
footnote
- living or growing in water
- involving or happening in water
- an aquatic plant
- aquatic sports
Vanish
ˈvænɪʃ
footnote
to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
- She seemed to have just vanished into thin air
- vanished from sight
Myriad
ˈmɪriəd
very many
the myriad causes of homelessness
Intact
ɪnˈtækt
not broken, damaged, or spoiled
سالم، صدمه ندیده
His reputation survived intact.
Intercept
ˌɪntəˈsept
to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
Stabilize
ˈsteɪbɪəlaɪz
to become firm, steady, or unchanging, or to make something firm or steady
an attempt to stabilize the economy
Erosion
ɪˈrəʊʒən
the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
the problem of soil erosion
Collocations:
- cause erosion
- constant erosion
Word families:
- erosion (n.)
- erode (v.)
Vegetation
ˌvedʒɪəˈteɪʃən
plants in general
Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.
Inhibit
ɪnˈhɪbɪət
- to prevent something from growing or developing well
- to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
* An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
- Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
Defense
dɪˈfens
- protection
- the players in a game of football etc whose main job is to try to prevent the other team from getting points
Word families:
- defense (n.)
- defender (n.)
- defend (v.)
Deforestation
diːˌfɒrɪəˈsteɪʃən
the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area
the deforestation of the ـtropicsـ
Migration
maɪˈgreɪʃən
- when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
- when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of the world to another
- when people start using a different computer system, or information is moved to a different computer system
Word families:
- migration (n.)
- migrant (n.)
- migrate (v.)
- migratory (adj.)
Inhabit
ɪnˈhæbɪət
if animals or people inhabit an area or place, they live there
- The woods are inhabited by many wild animals.
Fascinate
ˈfæsɪəneɪt
if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely interesting
The idea of travelling through time fascinates me.
دلربودن، شیفته کردن
Word families:
- fascination (n.)
- fascinate (v.)
- fascinating (adj.)
Observer
əbˈzɜːvə
someone who regularly watches or pays attention to particular things, events, situations etc
Independent observers monitored the elections.
Word families:
- observation (n.)
- observer (n.)
- observe (v.)
- observant (adj.)
Imperative
ɪmˈperətɪv
extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately
It is imperative that politicians should be good communicators.
Evolve
ɪˈvɒlv
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time
- evolve out of
The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists. - evolve into
The group gradually evolved into a political party.
Word families:
* evolution (n.)
* evolve (v.)
* evolutionary (adj.)
Breed
briːd
to reproduce
Eagles breed during the cooler months of the year.
Optimal
ˈɒptɪəməl
the best or most suitable
Hemisphere
ˈhemɪəsfɪə
a half of the Earth, especially one of the halves above and below the equator
the Northern hemisphere
Species
ˈspiːʃiːz
a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants
The area contains many rare species of plants.
Collocations:
- rare species
Windswept
wɪndswept
a place that is windswept is often windy because there are not many trees or buildings to protect it
Endure
ɪnˈdjʊə
to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining
تحمل کردن
He can’t endure being apart from me.
Fuel
ˈfjuːəl
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy
Collocations:
* fossil fuel
Aspect
ˈæspekt
1- [countable] one part of a situation, idea, plan etc that has many parts
aspect of
- Dealing with people is the most important aspect of my work.
- Alcoholism affects all aspects of family life.
2- [countable] the direction in which a window, room, front of a building etc faces:
- a south-facing aspect
3- [singular, uncountable] literary the appearance of someone or something:
- The storm outside gave the room a sinister aspect.
Collocations:
- aspect of somewone’s personality
Feat
fiːt
something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do
شاهکار
They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.
It is no mean feat to perform such a difficult piece.
Nocturnal
nɒkˈtɜːnl
- an animal that is nocturnal is active at night
- happening at night
Rebecca paid a nocturnal visit to the flat.
Obscure
əbˈskjʊə
1- not well known and usually not very important
2- difficult to understand
The details of his life remain obscure.
Stray
streɪ
سرگردان شدن، گمراه شدن
- to move away from the place you should be
- to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to
- if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to
- to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this
Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.
Diurnal
daɪˈɜːnəl
- happening or active in the daytime
- happening everyday
Navigation
ˌnævɪəˈgeɪʃən
the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another
compasses and other instruments of navigation
Word families:
- navigation (n.)
- navigator (n.)
- navigate (v.)
- navigational (adj.)
Occupy
ˈɒkjʊəpaɪ
1- stay in a place to live or stay in a place:
- He occupies the house without paying any rent.
- The building was purchased and occupied by its new owners last year.
2- fill time if something occupies you or your time, you are busy doing it:
- Football occupies most of my leisure time.
occupy somebody with (doing) something
- Only six percent of police time is occupied with criminal incidents.
3- fill space to fill a particular amount of space
SYN take up
- Family photos occupied almost the entire wall.
4- control by force
MILITARY
to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it, especially by military force
➔ invade:
- an occupying army
- Students occupied Sofia University on Monday.
5- occupy somebody’s mind/ thoughts/ attention
if something occupies your mind etc, you think about that thing more than anything else
➔ preoccupy:
- Work will occupy your mind and help you forget about him.
6- use to use something such as a room, seat, or bed:
- Many patients who are occupying hospital beds could be transferred to other places.
7- official position
to have an official position or job
Sparse
spɑːs
existing only in small amounts
rural areas with sparse populations
Swing
swɪŋ
1- to make regular movements forwards and backwards or from one side to another while hanging from a particular point, or to make something do this
2- a noticeable change in opinions or emotions
- She suffers from mood swings.
- Let your arms swing as you walk.
Violent
ˈvaɪələnt
involving actions that are intended to injure or kill people, by hitting them, shooting them etc
violent clashes between the police and demonstrators
Collocations:
- become violent
- get violent
Word families:
- violence (n.)
- violent (adj.)
- violently (adv.)
Extreme
ɪkˈstriːm
1- very great in degree
2- very unusual and severe or serious
Force is only justified in extreme circumstances.
Word families:
- extreme (n.)
- extreme (adj.)
- extremely (adv.)
Transitional
trænˈzɪʃənəl,
relating to a period during which something is changing from one state or form into another
a transitional period during the switch to the Euro
Fringe
frɪndʒ
1- if you have a fringe, your hair is cut so that it hangs down over your forehead
2- the edge of something
Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.
Diverse
daɪˈvɜːs
very different from each othe
subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology
Word families:
- diversify (v.)
- diversity (n.)
- diverse (adj.)
Adapt
əˈdæpt
to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
Thrive
θraɪv
to become very successful or very strong and healthy
a business which managed to thrive during a recession
Resilient
rɪˈzɪliənt
tough
The company proved remarkably resilient during the recession.
Word families:
- resilience (n.)
- resilient (adj.)
- resiliently (adv.)
Stressor
ˈstres.ɚ
1- something that causes stress
2- something that causes great difficulties
constant noise can be stressor.
Word families:
- stress (n.)
- stressor (n.)
- stress (v.)
- stressful (adj)
Minimize
ˈmɪnɪəmaɪz
to reduce something that is difficult, dangerous, or unpleasant to the smallest possible amount or degree
Every effort is being made to minimize civilian casualties.
Moisture
ˈmɔɪstʃə
small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance, or on a surface
Plants use their roots to absorb moisture from the soil.
Adjective
Prolific
prəˈlɪfɪk
1- a prolific artist, writer etc produces many works of art, books etc
2- existing in large numbers
Handel’s prolific output of opera.
Mechanism
ˈmekənɪzəm
a system that is intended to achieve something or deal with a problem
When a person is ill, the body’s natural defence mechanisms come into op
Evaporate
ɪˈvæpəreɪt
if a liquid evaporates, or if heat evaporates it, it changes into a gas
The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves.
Dilute
daɪˈluːt
1- to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid➔ water down
2- to make a quality, belief etc weaker or less effective
diluted fruit juice
Determine
dɪˈtɜːmɪən
1- to find out the facts about something
2- to decide to do something
Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of the fire.
Accumulate
əˈkjuːmjʊəleɪt
to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time
It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
Focus
ˈfəʊkəs
to give special attention to one particular person or thing, or to make people do this
We need to focus public attention on this issue.
Indistinct
ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt◂
an indistinct sound, image, or memory cannot be seen, heard, or remembered clearly
My memory of what happened next is indistinct.
Blur
blɜː
a shape that you cannot see clearly
I saw the blur of the car as it passed in front of me.
Unconscious
ʌnˈkɒnʃəs
unable to see, move, feel etc in the normal way because you are not conscious
She was found alive but unconscious.
adj.
Peripheral
pəˈrɪfərəl
قدامی
at the edge
the city’s peripheral suburbs
Tolerate
ˈtɒləreɪt
to be able to accept something unpleasant or difficult, even though you do not like it
I couldn’t tolerate the long hours.
Word families:
- tolerance (n.)
- tolerate (v.)
- tolerant (adj.)
Vision
ˈvɪʒən
the ability to see
Tears blurred her vision
Athlete
ˈæθliːt
someone who competes in sports competitions, especially running, jumping, and throwing
I was a natural athlete as a kid.
Demonstrate
ˈdemənstreɪt
1- to show or prove something clearly
2- to protest or support something in public with a lot of other people
The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
Word families:
* demonstration (n.)
* demonstrate (v.)
* demonstrative (adj.)
Range
reɪndʒ
a number of people or things that are all different, but are all of the same general type
Collocations:
- at close range [I’ve never seen a member of the royal family at such close range before. [so near]]
Performance
pəˈfɔːməns
1- when someone performs a play or a piece of music
2- how well or badly a person, company etc does a particular job or activity
This evening’s performance will begin at 8.00 pm.
Word families:
- performance (n.)
- performer (n.)
- perform (v.)
Detect
dɪˈtekt
to notice or discover something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear etc:
Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
Maneuver
məˈnuːvə
a skilful or careful movement that you make, for example in order to avoid something or go through a narrow space
A careful driver stops talking before carrying out a complex manoeuvre.
Distract
dɪˈstrækt
to take someone’s attention away from something by making them look at or listen to something else
Coverage of the war was used to distract attention from other matter
Anticipate
ænˈtɪsɪəpeɪt
to expect that something will happen and be ready for it
Sales are better than anticipated.
Scan
skæn
to examine an area carefully but quickly, often because you are looking for a particular person or thing
He scanned the horizon, but there was no sign of the ship.
Complicate
ˈkɒmplɪəkeɪt
to make a problem or situation more difficult
To complicate matters further, differences exist as regards legal systems, trade customs, and language.
Word families:
- complicated (adj.)
- complicate (v.)
- complication (n.)
Coordinate
kəʊˈɔːdɪəneɪt
to organize an activity so that the people involved in it work well together and achieve a good result
The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety.
Word families:
* coordination (n.)
* coordinate (v.)
* coordinated (adj.)
Boundary
ˈbaʊndəri
the real or imaginary line that marks the edge of a state, country etc, or the edge of an area of land that belongs to someone
boundary disputes between neighbouring countries
Indiscernible
ˌɪndɪ’səːnɪb(ə)l
impossible to see or clearly distinguish.
The path was almost indiscernible in the mist.
Knot
nɑːt
a hard bump in wood
Are you any good at tying knots?
Reflector
rɪˈflektər
an object that sends light back or makes it stronger
Word families:
* reflector (n.)
* reflection (n.)
* reflect (v.)
* reflective (adj.)
Shield
ʃiːld
Something that serve as protection
The immune system is our body’s shield against infection.
Decorate
ˈdekəreɪt
Word families:
* decoration (n.)
* decorator (n.)
* decorate (v.)
* decorative (adv.)
