Essential Words - Deck 1 Flashcards
Array
əˈreɪ
a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive
- a bewildering array of options
Logging
ˈlɒgɪŋ
the work of cutting down trees in a forest
Environment
ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt
the air, water, and land on Earth, which is affected by man’s activities
Some of these chemicals are very damaging to the environment.
Collocations:
- protect the environment
- stimulating working environment
Word families:
- environment (n.)
- environmental (adj.)
- environmentally (adv.)
Habitat
ˈhæbɪətæt
the natural home of a plant or animal
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
Collocations:
- something’s natural habitat
- damage/destroy a habitat
Pollution
pəˈluːʃən
the process of making air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use, or the state of being dangerously dirty
Collocations:
- tackle pollution
Word families:
- pollution (n.)
- pollutany (n.) (countable)
- pollute (v.)
Extend
ɪkˈstend
get bigger, to reach past
We’d like to extend a warm welcome to our French visitors.
Word families:
- estent (n.)
- esxtend (v.)
- extensive (adj.)
- extensively (adv.)
(v.)
Fell
fel
to cut down a tree
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
Nutrient
ˈnjuːtriənt
footnote
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
Terrestrial
tɪəˈrestriəl
1- relating to the Earth rather than to the moon or other planets
2- living on or relating to land rather than water
3- TV etc that is broadcast from the Earth rather than from a satellite
Aquatic
əˈkwætɪk
footnote
- living or growing in water
- involving or happening in water
- an aquatic plant
- aquatic sports
Vanish
ˈvænɪʃ
footnote
to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
- She seemed to have just vanished into thin air
- vanished from sight
Myriad
ˈmɪriəd
very many
the myriad causes of homelessness
Intact
ɪnˈtækt
not broken, damaged, or spoiled
سالم، صدمه ندیده
His reputation survived intact.
Intercept
ˌɪntəˈsept
to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
Stabilize
ˈsteɪbɪəlaɪz
to become firm, steady, or unchanging, or to make something firm or steady
an attempt to stabilize the economy
Erosion
ɪˈrəʊʒən
the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
the problem of soil erosion
Collocations:
- cause erosion
- constant erosion
Word families:
- erosion (n.)
- erode (v.)
Vegetation
ˌvedʒɪəˈteɪʃən
plants in general
Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.
Inhibit
ɪnˈhɪbɪət
- to prevent something from growing or developing well
- to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
* An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
- Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
Defense
dɪˈfens
- protection
- the players in a game of football etc whose main job is to try to prevent the other team from getting points
Word families:
- defense (n.)
- defender (n.)
- defend (v.)
Deforestation
diːˌfɒrɪəˈsteɪʃən
the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area
the deforestation of the ـtropicsـ
Migration
maɪˈgreɪʃən
- when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
- when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of the world to another
- when people start using a different computer system, or information is moved to a different computer system
Word families:
- migration (n.)
- migrant (n.)
- migrate (v.)
- migratory (adj.)
Inhabit
ɪnˈhæbɪət
if animals or people inhabit an area or place, they live there
- The woods are inhabited by many wild animals.
Fascinate
ˈfæsɪəneɪt
if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely interesting
The idea of travelling through time fascinates me.
دلربودن، شیفته کردن
Word families:
- fascination (n.)
- fascinate (v.)
- fascinating (adj.)
Observer
əbˈzɜːvə
someone who regularly watches or pays attention to particular things, events, situations etc
Independent observers monitored the elections.
Word families:
- observation (n.)
- observer (n.)
- observe (v.)
- observant (adj.)
Imperative
ɪmˈperətɪv
extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately
It is imperative that politicians should be good communicators.
Evolve
ɪˈvɒlv
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time
- evolve out of
The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists. - evolve into
The group gradually evolved into a political party.
Word families:
* evolution (n.)
* evolve (v.)
* evolutionary (adj.)
Breed
briːd
to reproduce
Eagles breed during the cooler months of the year.
Optimal
ˈɒptɪəməl
the best or most suitable
Hemisphere
ˈhemɪəsfɪə
a half of the Earth, especially one of the halves above and below the equator
the Northern hemisphere
Species
ˈspiːʃiːz
a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants
The area contains many rare species of plants.
Collocations:
- rare species
Windswept
wɪndswept
a place that is windswept is often windy because there are not many trees or buildings to protect it
Endure
ɪnˈdjʊə
to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining
تحمل کردن
He can’t endure being apart from me.
Fuel
ˈfjuːəl
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy
Collocations:
* fossil fuel
Aspect
ˈæspekt
1- [countable] one part of a situation, idea, plan etc that has many parts
aspect of
- Dealing with people is the most important aspect of my work.
- Alcoholism affects all aspects of family life.
2- [countable] the direction in which a window, room, front of a building etc faces:
- a south-facing aspect
3- [singular, uncountable] literary the appearance of someone or something:
- The storm outside gave the room a sinister aspect.
Collocations:
- aspect of somewone’s personality
Feat
fiːt
something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do
شاهکار
They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.
It is no mean feat to perform such a difficult piece.
Nocturnal
nɒkˈtɜːnl
- an animal that is nocturnal is active at night
- happening at night
Rebecca paid a nocturnal visit to the flat.
Obscure
əbˈskjʊə
1- not well known and usually not very important
2- difficult to understand
The details of his life remain obscure.
Stray
streɪ
سرگردان شدن، گمراه شدن
- to move away from the place you should be
- to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to
- if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to
- to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this
Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.
Diurnal
daɪˈɜːnəl
- happening or active in the daytime
- happening everyday
Navigation
ˌnævɪəˈgeɪʃən
the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another
compasses and other instruments of navigation
Word families:
- navigation (n.)
- navigator (n.)
- navigate (v.)
- navigational (adj.)
Occupy
ˈɒkjʊəpaɪ
1- stay in a place to live or stay in a place:
- He occupies the house without paying any rent.
- The building was purchased and occupied by its new owners last year.
2- fill time if something occupies you or your time, you are busy doing it:
- Football occupies most of my leisure time.
occupy somebody with (doing) something
- Only six percent of police time is occupied with criminal incidents.
3- fill space to fill a particular amount of space
SYN take up
- Family photos occupied almost the entire wall.
4- control by force
MILITARY
to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it, especially by military force
➔ invade:
- an occupying army
- Students occupied Sofia University on Monday.
5- occupy somebody’s mind/ thoughts/ attention
if something occupies your mind etc, you think about that thing more than anything else
➔ preoccupy:
- Work will occupy your mind and help you forget about him.
6- use to use something such as a room, seat, or bed:
- Many patients who are occupying hospital beds could be transferred to other places.
7- official position
to have an official position or job
Sparse
spɑːs
existing only in small amounts
rural areas with sparse populations
Swing
swɪŋ
1- to make regular movements forwards and backwards or from one side to another while hanging from a particular point, or to make something do this
2- a noticeable change in opinions or emotions
- She suffers from mood swings.
- Let your arms swing as you walk.
Violent
ˈvaɪələnt
involving actions that are intended to injure or kill people, by hitting them, shooting them etc
violent clashes between the police and demonstrators
Collocations:
- become violent
- get violent
Word families:
- violence (n.)
- violent (adj.)
- violently (adv.)
Extreme
ɪkˈstriːm
1- very great in degree
2- very unusual and severe or serious
Force is only justified in extreme circumstances.
Word families:
- extreme (n.)
- extreme (adj.)
- extremely (adv.)
Transitional
trænˈzɪʃənəl,
relating to a period during which something is changing from one state or form into another
a transitional period during the switch to the Euro
Fringe
frɪndʒ
1- if you have a fringe, your hair is cut so that it hangs down over your forehead
2- the edge of something
Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.
Diverse
daɪˈvɜːs
very different from each othe
subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology
Word families:
- diversify (v.)
- diversity (n.)
- diverse (adj.)
Adapt
əˈdæpt
to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
Thrive
θraɪv
to become very successful or very strong and healthy
a business which managed to thrive during a recession
Resilient
rɪˈzɪliənt
tough
The company proved remarkably resilient during the recession.
Word families:
- resilience (n.)
- resilient (adj.)
- resiliently (adv.)
Stressor
ˈstres.ɚ
1- something that causes stress
2- something that causes great difficulties
constant noise can be stressor.
Word families:
- stress (n.)
- stressor (n.)
- stress (v.)
- stressful (adj)
Minimize
ˈmɪnɪəmaɪz
to reduce something that is difficult, dangerous, or unpleasant to the smallest possible amount or degree
Every effort is being made to minimize civilian casualties.
Moisture
ˈmɔɪstʃə
small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance, or on a surface
Plants use their roots to absorb moisture from the soil.
Adjective
Prolific
prəˈlɪfɪk
1- a prolific artist, writer etc produces many works of art, books etc
2- existing in large numbers
Handel’s prolific output of opera.
Mechanism
ˈmekənɪzəm
a system that is intended to achieve something or deal with a problem
When a person is ill, the body’s natural defence mechanisms come into op
Evaporate
ɪˈvæpəreɪt
if a liquid evaporates, or if heat evaporates it, it changes into a gas
The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves.
Dilute
daɪˈluːt
1- to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid➔ water down
2- to make a quality, belief etc weaker or less effective
diluted fruit juice
Determine
dɪˈtɜːmɪən
1- to find out the facts about something
2- to decide to do something
Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of the fire.
Accumulate
əˈkjuːmjʊəleɪt
to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time
It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
Focus
ˈfəʊkəs
to give special attention to one particular person or thing, or to make people do this
We need to focus public attention on this issue.
Indistinct
ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt◂
an indistinct sound, image, or memory cannot be seen, heard, or remembered clearly
My memory of what happened next is indistinct.
Blur
blɜː
a shape that you cannot see clearly
I saw the blur of the car as it passed in front of me.
Unconscious
ʌnˈkɒnʃəs
unable to see, move, feel etc in the normal way because you are not conscious
She was found alive but unconscious.
adj.
Peripheral
pəˈrɪfərəl
قدامی
at the edge
the city’s peripheral suburbs
Tolerate
ˈtɒləreɪt
to be able to accept something unpleasant or difficult, even though you do not like it
I couldn’t tolerate the long hours.
Word families:
- tolerance (n.)
- tolerate (v.)
- tolerant (adj.)
Vision
ˈvɪʒən
the ability to see
Tears blurred her vision
Athlete
ˈæθliːt
someone who competes in sports competitions, especially running, jumping, and throwing
I was a natural athlete as a kid.
Demonstrate
ˈdemənstreɪt
1- to show or prove something clearly
2- to protest or support something in public with a lot of other people
The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
Word families:
* demonstration (n.)
* demonstrate (v.)
* demonstrative (adj.)
Range
reɪndʒ
a number of people or things that are all different, but are all of the same general type
Collocations:
- at close range [I’ve never seen a member of the royal family at such close range before. [so near]]
Performance
pəˈfɔːməns
1- when someone performs a play or a piece of music
2- how well or badly a person, company etc does a particular job or activity
This evening’s performance will begin at 8.00 pm.
Word families:
- performance (n.)
- performer (n.)
- perform (v.)
Detect
dɪˈtekt
to notice or discover something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear etc:
Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
Maneuver
məˈnuːvə
a skilful or careful movement that you make, for example in order to avoid something or go through a narrow space
A careful driver stops talking before carrying out a complex manoeuvre.
Distract
dɪˈstrækt
to take someone’s attention away from something by making them look at or listen to something else
Coverage of the war was used to distract attention from other matter
Anticipate
ænˈtɪsɪəpeɪt
to expect that something will happen and be ready for it
Sales are better than anticipated.
Scan
skæn
to examine an area carefully but quickly, often because you are looking for a particular person or thing
He scanned the horizon, but there was no sign of the ship.
Complicate
ˈkɒmplɪəkeɪt
to make a problem or situation more difficult
To complicate matters further, differences exist as regards legal systems, trade customs, and language.
Word families:
- complicated (adj.)
- complicate (v.)
- complication (n.)
Coordinate
kəʊˈɔːdɪəneɪt
to organize an activity so that the people involved in it work well together and achieve a good result
The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety.
Word families:
* coordination (n.)
* coordinate (v.)
* coordinated (adj.)
Boundary
ˈbaʊndəri
the real or imaginary line that marks the edge of a state, country etc, or the edge of an area of land that belongs to someone
boundary disputes between neighbouring countries
Indiscernible
ˌɪndɪ’səːnɪb(ə)l
impossible to see or clearly distinguish.
The path was almost indiscernible in the mist.
Entertainment
ˌentəˈteɪnmənt
things such as films, television, performances etc that are intended to amuse or interest people
There will be live entertainment throughout the day.
Word families:
* entertainment (n.)
* entertainer (n.)
* entertain (v.)
* entertaining (adj.)
Century
sentʃəri
a period of 100 years
Collocations:
* early 21stcentury [Her son is on early 21st century fiction]
Ancient
ˈeɪnʃənt
belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago
the ancient civilizations of Asia
Found
faʊnd
to start something such as an organization, company, school, or city, often by providing the necessary money
Eton College was founded by Henry VI in 1440.
Venue
ˈvenjuː
a place where an organized meeting, concert etc takes place
The band will play (=perform at) as many venues as possible.
Popular
ˈpɒpjʊələ
liked by a lot of people
Collocations:
* become popular
* popular belief [Contrary to popular belief, it is not true that blondes are dumb.]
Word families:
* popularity (n.)
* popularize (v.)
* popular (adj.)
* populartly (adv.)
Spectator
spekˈteɪtə
someone who is watching an event or game, Audience
The match attracted over 40,000 spectators.
Exhibit
ɪgˈzɪbɪət
1- to show something in a public place so that people can go to see it
2- to clearly show a particular quality, emotion, or ability
a patient who is exhibiting classic symptoms of mental illness
Exotic
ɪgˈzɒtɪk
something that is exotic seems unusual and interesting because it is related to a foreign country – use this to show approval
exotic birds
exotic places
Renovation
ˌrenəˈveɪʃən
the act of repairing a building or old furniture so that it is in good condition again
The hotel has been renovated and redecorated.
Massive
ˈmæsɪv
very large, solid, and heavy
The bell is massive, weighing over 40 tons.
Remnant
ˈremnənt
a small part of something that remains after the rest of it has been used, destroyed, or eaten
The remnants of a meal stood on the table.
Permanently
ˈpɜːmənəntli
always, or for a very long time
The accident left him permanently disabled.
Reduce
rɪˈdjuːs
to make something smaller or less in size, amount, or price
The governor announced a new plan to reduce crime.
Collocations:
* reduce the impact [The government hopes to reduce/minimise the impact of the new taxes.]
Band
bænd
a group of people formed because of a common belief or purpose
a small band of volunteers
bands of soldiers
Trainer
ˈtreɪnə
someone who trains people or animals for sport or work
a racehorse trainer
Word families:
* trainer (n.)
* train (v.)
* trained (adj.)
Develop
dɪˈveləp
to grow or change into something bigger, stronger, or more advanced, or to make someone or something do this
Corsica has developed its economy around the tourist industry.
Word families:
* development (n.)
* developer (n.)
* develop (v.)
Talent
ˈtælənt
a natural ability to do something well:
She showed a talent for acting at an early age.
Collocations:
* musical talent [He’s got no musical talent whatsoever.]
Survive
səˈvaɪv
to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness
people who survive cancer
Word families:
* survival (n.)
* survivor (n.)
* survive (v.)
Grandeur
ˈgrændʒə
عظمت
impressive beauty, power, or size
the grandeur of the mountains
n.
Obesity
əʊˈbiːsɪəti
when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy
Physical
ˈfɪzɪkəl
related to someone’s body rather than their mind or emotion
adj.
Crucial
ˈkruːʃəl
very important
This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.
Collocations:
- play a crucial role/ part in something [Parents play a crucial role in preparing their children for adult life]
adj.
Intellectual
ˌɪntɪəˈlektʃuəl◂
related to thinking
a job that requires considerable intellectual effort
Overwhelming
ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ
having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react
an overwhelming sense of guilt
Suffer
ˈsʌfə
to experience physical or mental pain
At least he died suddenly and didn’t suffer.
Collocations:
- suffer from [She has suffered from asthma all her life.]
- suffer the consequences [Anyone who commits a crime has to suffer the consequences.]
Merely
ˈmɪəli
only
used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is
He’s merely a boy – you can’t expect him to understand.
Emotion
ɪˈməʊʃən
a strong human feeling such as love, hate, or anger:
Her voice was full of emotion.
Collocations:
* be devoid of emotion formal (not showing or feeling any emotion) [I find his books completely devoid of emotion.]
* conceal your emotions [Laura could not conceal her emotions, or pretend to feel something she did not.]
Word families:
* emotion (n.)
* emotional (adj.)
* emotionally (adv.)
v.
Rejuvenate
rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt
to refresh, restore
plans to rejuvenate the inner city areas
Deliberately
dɪˈlɪbərɪətli
done in a way that is intended or planned
He deliberately upset her.
Word families:
- deliberation (n.)
- deliberate (v.)
- deliberate (adj.)
- deliberatly (adv.)
Passive
ˈpæsɪv
someone who is passive tends to accept things that happen to them or things that people say to them, without taking any action
their passive acceptance of their fate
n.
Pastime
ˈpɑːstaɪm
a free time activity
Reading was her favourite pastime.
adj.
Reluctant
rɪˈlʌktənt
not wanting to do somthing; unwilling
She gave a reluctant smile.
Word families:
- reluctance (n.)
- reluctant (adj.)
- reluctantly (adv.)
Depression
dɪˈpreʃən
a feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future:
Lucy’s mood was one of deep depression.
Authority
ɔːˈθɒrɪəti
someone who knows a lot about a subject and whose knowledge and opinions are greatly respected
Mr Li is a leading authority on Chinese food.
Collocations:
- exercise/ exert your authority (also wield authority formal) (=use your authority) [In practice it’s very difficult for the president to exercise his authority.]
Word families:
- authority (n.)
- authorize (v.)
- authoritative (adj.)
- authoritatively (adv.)
v.
Acknowledge
əkˈnɒlɪdʒ
to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists
The family acknowledge the need for change
Obvious
ˈɒbviəs
easy to notice or understand:
It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me.
Chunk
tʃʌŋk
a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape:
a chunk of bread
adj.
Industrious
ɪnˈdʌstriəs
hard-working
Word families:
* industry (n.)
* industrious (adj.)
* industriously (adv.)
Engage
ɪnˈgeɪdʒ
to participate in something
Despite her illness, she remains actively engaged in shaping policy.
adj.
Tricky
ˈtrɪki
Difficult
v.
Cast
kæst
to throw light on something
research findings that cast new light on the origin of our universe
adj.
Vulnerable
ˈvʌlnərəbəl
Weak; without defence
He took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable.
n.
Disaster
dɪˈzæstər
a terrible event
the economic consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
Portable
ˈpɔːrtəbəl
able to be carried or moved easily
Freight
freɪt
goods that are carried by ship, train, or aircraft, and the system of moving these goods
Innovation
ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən
a new idea, method, or invention
recent innovations in English teaching
Word families:
* innovation (n.)
* innovator (n.)
* innovate (v.)
Illuminator
ɪˌluːmɪəˈneɪtər
an object that produces light
Word families:
* illuminator (n.)
* illumination (n.)
* illuminate (v.)
Knot
nɑːt
a hard bump in wood
Are you any good at tying knots?
Locomotive
ˌloʊkəˈmoʊtɪv
Reflector
rɪˈflektər
an object that sends light back or makes it stronger
Word families:
* reflector (n.)
* reflection (n.)
* reflect (v.)
* reflective (adj.)
Generate
ˈdʒenəreɪt
to make or produce
Tourism generates income for local communities.
Word families:
* generator (n.)
* generation (n.)
* generate (v.)
v.
Display
dɪˈspleɪ
to show or exhibit
shop windows displaying the latest fashions
adj.
Intense
ɪnˈtens
very strong
Young people today are under intense pressure to succeed.
Collocations:
* intense competition: There is intense competition for places on the course.
* intense dislike: He had taken an intense dislike to Robert.
Word families:
* intensity (n.)
* intensify (n.)
* intense (adj.)
* intensely (adv.)
n.
Drawback
ˈdrɒːbæk
a problem; disadvantage
It’s a great city – the only drawback is the weather.
Equip
ɪˈkwɪp
to provide with something
Efficient
ɪˈfɪʃənt
able to work without waste
Word families:
* efficiency (n.)
* efficient (adj.)
* efficiently (adv.)
Mode
moʊd
method
Stringent
ˈstrɪndʒənt
a stringent law, rule, standard etc is very strict and must be obeyed
stringent anti-noise regulations
adj.
Rugged
ˈrʌgɪəd
Strong; able to stand rough treatment
adj.
Instrinsic
ɪnsˈtrɪnzɪk
being a basic or natural characteristic
the intrinsic interest of the subject
Underground
ˈʌndərgraʊnd
below the ground
n.
Centerpiece
ˈsentərpiːs
the main or the most important feature
The centrepiece of Bevan’s policy was the National Health Service.
n.
Pedestrian
pɪəˈdestriən
a person traveling on foot
Clog
klɑːg
to fill so much as to make movement difficult
tourists whose cars clog the roads each summer
adj.
Disruptive
dɪsˈrʌptɪv
stopping the usual course of activity
Word families:
* disruption (n.)
* disrupt (v.)
* disruptive (adj.)
v.
Release
rɪˈliːs
to let something out
n.
Vent
vent
an opening to let air, steam, or smoke out
a blocked air vent
n.
Operation
ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃən
the working of something; being used
Word families:
* operation (n.)
* operator (n.)
* operate (v.)
n.
Destruction
dɪˈstrʌkʃən
destroy
weapons of mass destruction
Word families:
* destruction (n.)
* destroy (v.)
* destructive (adj.)
Expand
ɪkˈspænd
to make bigger
Sydney’s population expanded rapidly in the 1960s.
Word families:
* expansion (n.)
* expand (v.)
* expandable (adj.)
Shield
ʃiːld
Something that serve as protection
The immune system is our body’s shield against infection.
Surface
ˈsɜːrfɪəs
the outer part or top of something
Rival
ˈraɪvəl
competitor
Collocations:
* rival company
Architecture
ˈɑːrkɪətektʃər
the style and design of a building or buildings
the architecture of Venice
Word families:
* architect (n.)
* architecture (n.)
* architectural (adj.)
* architecturally (adv.)
Decorate
ˈdekəreɪt
Word families:
* decoration (n.)
* decorator (n.)
* decorate (v.)
* decorative (adv.)
Showcase
ˈʃoʊkeɪs
a setting in which to present something
The new musical is a good showcase for her talents.
v.
Utilize
ˈjuːtɪəlaɪz
to use
Headquarter
hedˈkwɔːtəd
central office for a military commander
Spring up
sprIŋ
to suddenly appear or start to exist
Fast-food restaurants are springing up all over town.
adj.
Autonomous
ɒːˈtɑːnəməs
operating independently without outside control
Word families:
* autonomy (n.)
* autonomous (adj.)
* autonomously (adv.)
Vehicle
ˈviːɪkəl
car or other machine used for transportation
Have you locked your vehicle?
Advocate
ˈædvəkeɪt
supporter
v.
Tout
taʊt
to praise; to recommend
Nell is being touted as the next big thing in Hollywood.
Eliminate
ɪˈlɪmɪəneɪt
to remove
Sensor
ˈsensər
a piece of equipment used for discovering the presence of light, heat, movement etc
Constantly
ˈkɒːnstəntli
always; without change
Adjust
əˈdʒʌst
to change slightly
Word families:
* adjustment (n.)
* adjust (v.)
* adjustable (adj.)
Accordingly
əˈkɔːrdɪŋli
- therefore
- matching a particular situation
n.
Collision
kəˈlɪʒən
crash
Two people were killed in a head-on collision
Commuter
kəˈmjuːtər
someone who travels a long distance to work every day
Word families:
* commuter (n.)
* commute (n.)
* commute (v.)
Congested
kənˈdʒestɪəd
full of traffic
London’s roads are **heavily congested **
Emmision
ɪˈmɪʃən
pollution thrown into the air by cars or factories
Urban
ˈɜrːbən
relating to towns and cities
OPP rural
Critic
ˈkrɪtɪk
a person expressing a negative opinion about something
Word families:
* critic (n.)
* criticism (n.)
* criticize (v.)
Challenge
ˈtʃælɪəndʒ
a difficulty to be overcome
Interfere
ˌɪntərˈfɪr
to prevent something from happening or functioning in the proper way
It’s not the church’s job to interfere in politics.
Upgrade
ʌpˈgreɪd
to improve
Predict
prɪˈdɪkt
to make a guessabout the future
Word families:
* prediction (n.)
* predict (v.)
* predictable (adj.)
* unpredictable (adj.)
Apply
əˈplaɪ
to use something for a certain purpose
Word families:
* application (n.)
* apply (v.)
* applicable (adj.)
Civilization
ˌsɪvələl-aɪˈzeɪʃən
human society, its organization and culture
the dawn of civilization
Attribute
əˈtrɪbjuːt
to give credit for or see as the origin of something
a saying usually attributed to Confucius
Creator
kriˈeɪtə
inventor
Word families:
* creator (n.)
* creation (n.)
* create (v.)
* creative (adj.)
* creativity (adv.)
Mythology
mɪˈθɑːlədʒi
set of traditional stories used to explain the origins of things
the mythology of the Persians
Word families:
* mythology (n.)
* myth (n.)
* mythological (adj.)
v.
Settle
ˈsetl
to establish a permanent place to live
This territory was settled in the mid-1850s by German immigrants.
Scholar
ˈskɑːlər
an intelligent and well-educated person:
the great Dutch scholar Erasmus
adj.
Agricultural
ˈægrɪˌkʌltʃəra:l
related to farming
Word families:
* agriculture (n.)
* agricultural (adj.)
* agriculturally
Property
prɑːpərti
something that is owned
Some of the stolen property was found in Mason’s house.
Token
ˈtoʊkən
an object used to represent something else
Please accept this gift as a small token of our appreciation.
Tablet
ˈtæblɪət
a thin, flat piece of material to write on
Excavation
ˌekskəˈveɪʃən
an area of digging, especially to find objects from past cultures
Word families:
- excavation (n.)
- excavator (n.)
- excavate (v.)
Adopt
əˈdɑːpt
to accept or start to use something new
Carve
kɑːrv
to cut and shape hard material
a statue carved from a single block of marble
Encompass
ɪnˈkʌmpəs
to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc
The study encompasses the social and political aspects of the situation.
Inscribe
ɪnˈskraɪb
to mark a surface with words or letters
نوشتن
Inside the cover someone had inscribed the words ‘To Thomas, with love’
Structure
ˈstrʌktʃər
something that is built, such as a building or bridge
Deed
diːd
an act, especially a good or bad one
عملکرد، کردار
After the morning’s good deeds he deserved a rest.
Specialized
ˈspeʃəlaɪzd
relating to a particular area or type of works
the highly specialized plants that live in desert areas
Literacy
ˈlɪtərəsi
the ability to read and write
a new adult literacy campaign
Word families:
- literacy (n.)
- illiteracy (n.)
- literate (adj.)
- illiterate (adj.)
v.
Function
ˈfʌŋkʃən
to perform well
