Essential Words - Unessential 1 Flashcards
Crate
kreɪt
a large box made of wood or plastic that is used for carrying fruit, bottles etc
shipping crates
Reptile
ˈreptaɪl
a type of animal, such as a snake or lizard, whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies
Amphibian
æmˈfɪbiən
an animal such as a frog that can live both on land and in water
Mammal
ˈmæməl
a type of animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young. Humans, dogs, and whales are mammals.
Canopy
ˈkænəpi
(plural canopies)
- A cover made of cloth that is fixed above a bed, seat etc as a decoration or as a shelter
- The leaves and branches of trees, that make a kind of roof in a forest:
the forest canopy - Literary something that spreads above you like a roof:
- A canopy of twinkling stars
- canopied adjective
Porous
ˈpɔːrəs
allowing liquid, air etc to pass slowly through many very small holes
Spongy
ˈspʌndʒi
soft and full of holes that contain air or liquid like a sponge
The earth was soft and spongy underfoot.
Furrow
ˈfʌrəʊ
- a deep line or fold in the skin of someone’s face, especially on the forehead➔ wrinkle
- a wide deep line made in the surface of something, especially the ground
A deep furrow appeared between his brows.
Clay
kleɪ
a type of heavy sticky earth that can be used for making pots, bricks etc
رس
Residue
ˈrezɪədjuː
1- a substance that remains on a surface, in a container etc and cannot be removed easily, or that remains after a chemical process
2- the part of something that is left after the rest has gone or been taken away
- residue from sewage treatment plant
- The residue of the stock was sol
Algae
ˈældʒiː
a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water
Emit
ɪˈmɪt
to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc
The kettle emitted a shrill whistle.
Airborne
ˈeəbɔːn
carried through the air
airborne pollutants
Deteriarate
dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt
to become worse
Living conditions here have deteriorated in the past few years.
Sedimentation
ˌsedɪəmenˈteɪʃən
the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer
Drought
draʊt
a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to live
Basin
ˈbeɪsən
an area of land that is lower at the centre than at the edges, especially one from which water runs down into a river
the Amazon basin
Tropical
ˈtrɒpɪkəl
- coming from or existing in the hottest parts of the world
- weather that is tropical is very hot and we
a steamy tropical night
Vital
ˈvaɪtl
extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist
Regular exercise is vital for your health.
Collocations:
- Absolutely vital
- Vital role
- is of sth importance - Reading is of vital importance in language learning.
Oligarchy
ˈɒlɪəgɑːki
a small group of people who run a country or organization, or a country that is run by a small group of people
Eventually oligarchy took over from democracy.
Reputation
ˌrepjʊəˈteɪʃən
the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past
- reputation of
- reputation as
Collocations:
- have a good/ bad etc reputation
- gain/ acquire a reputation
Conspiracy
kənˈspɪrəsi
a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal
He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage.
Collocations:
- a political conspiracy
- be involve in a conspiracy
- a conspirecy theory
Develope
dɪˈveləpt
a developed country is one of the rich countries of the world with many industries, comfortable living for most people, and usually an elected government
Shallow
ˈʃæləʊ
not interested in or not showing any understanding of important or serious matters – used to show disapproval
If he’s only interested in your looks, that shows how shallow he is.
Superficial
ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃəl◂
not studying or looking at something carefully and only seeing the most noticeable things
Naturally, such visits can allow only the most superficial understanding of prison life.
Egalitatian
ɪˌgælɪəˈteəriən
based on the belief that everyone is equal and should have equal rights
an egalitarian society
Officially
əˈfɪʃəli
publicly or formally
Erupt
ɪˈrʌpt
if fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly
Violence erupted after police shot a student during the demonstration.
Sacred
ˈseɪkrɪəd
very important or greatly respected
Verb
Nest
to build or use a nest
They say eagles used to nest in those rocks.
Continent
ˈkɒntɪənənt
a large mass of land surrounded by sea
Equatorial
ˌekwəˈtɔːriəl◂
near the equator
equatorial rain forests
Arctic
ˈɑːktɪk
relating to the most northern part of the world
the Arctic island of Novaya Zemlya
Antarctic
ænˈtɑːktɪk
the very cold most southern part of the world
Unerring
ʌnˈɜːrɪŋ
always righ
He passes the ball with unerring accuracy
Innate
ˌɪˈneɪt◂
an innate quality or ability is something you are born with
Children have an innate ability to learn language.
Cue
kjuː
an action or event that is a signal for something else to happen
Contradict
ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt
to disagree with something, especially by saying that the opposite is true
The article flatly contradicts their claims.
Dune
djuːn
a hill made of sand near the sea or in the desert
Oases
əʊˈeɪsɪəs
a place with water and trees in a desert
The park was an oasis of peace.
Scorching
ˈskɔːtʃɪŋ
extremely hot
the scorching desert heat
Coping mechanism
مکانیسم مقابله
Creak
kriːk
if something such as a door, wooden floor, old bed, or stair creaks, it makes a long high noise when someone opens it, walks on it, sits on it etc
The door creaked open.
Concentrate
ˈkɒnsəntreɪt
to think very carefully about something that you are doing➔ concentration
Be quiet – let me concentrate on my homework.
Concentrate
ˈkɒnsəntreɪt
to think very carefully about something that you are doing➔ concentration
Be quiet – let me concentrate on my homework.
Retain
rɪˈteɪn
to keep something or continue to have something
You have the right to retain possession of the goods.
Millennia
mɪˈleniəl
periods of 1,000 years
Chariot
ˈtʃæriət
a vehicle with two wheels pulled by a horse, used in ancient times in battles and races
Marble
ˈmɑːbəl
Monarch
ˈmɒnək
a king or queen
Jester
Ancient standup comedian
Medieval
ˌmediˈiːvəl
connected with the Middle Ages
Stunt
stʌnt
a dangerous action that is done to entertain people, especially in a film
Not many actors do their own stunts.
Parade
pəˈreɪd
a public celebration when musical bands, brightly decorated vehicles etc move down the street
Slapstick
ˈslæpˌstɪk
humorous acting in which the performers fall over, throw things at each other etc:
Humor
ˈhjuːmə
the ability or tendency to think that things are funny
I’m afraid my dad doesn’t have a very good sense of humour.
Stumble
ˈstʌmbəl
to hit your foot against something or put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost fall
Istanbul drunk telo telo
Tent
tent
Fallasy
ˈfæləsi
a false idea or belief, especially one that a lot of people believe is true
It’s a common fallacy that a neutered dog will become fat and lazy.
Trivial
ˈtrɪviəl
not serious, important, or valuable:
We were punished for the most trivial offences.
Break free from sth
become free
She broke free from her attacker.
Robust
ˈrəʊbʌst
a robust person is strong and healthy
a robust man of six feet four
Severity
sɪəˈvɪəty
شدت
severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are very bad or very serious
We didn’t realize the severity of her illness.
Lash back
انتقاد
Gallins lashed back at those who accused him of corruption.
Diligent
ˈdɪlɪədʒənt
کوشا
someone who is diligent works hard and is careful and thorough
Clamour
ˈklæmə
a very loud noise made by a large group of people or animals:
He shouted over the rising clamour of voices.
Distil
to get the main ideas or facts from a much larger amount of information
The notes I had brought back were waiting to be distilled into a book.
Setback
ˈsetbæk
a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than they were:
The team’s hopes of playing in Europe suffered a setback last night.
Hastly
ˈheɪstɪəli
quickly, perhaps too quickly
Racing hastly through calculations on paper, or worse, in my head
Corollary
ˈkɔːrəleri, ˈkɑː
something that is the direct result of something else
Is social inequality the inevitable corollary of economic freedom?
Paramount
ˈpærəmaʊnt
more important than anything else
Women’s role as mothers is of paramount importance to society.
Derail
ˌdiːˈreɪl
if a train derails or something derails it, it goes off the tracks
Compartment
kəmˈpɑːtmənt
a smaller enclosed space inside something larger
The bag is divided into separate compartments.
Uncanny
ʌnˈkæni
very strange and difficult to explain:
an uncanny coincidence
Immersion
ˈmɜːrʒən
the fact of being completely involved in something you are doing
my immersion in black music and culture
Prophecy
ˈprɒfɪəsi
The power or act of making statements about what will happen in the future
self-fulfilling prophecy
Decipher
dɪˈsaɪfər
to find the meaning of something that is difficult to read or understand
She studied the envelope, trying to decipher the handwriting.
Illegible
ɪˈledʒɪəbəl
difficult or impossible to read
His handwriting is totally illegible.
Haphazard
ˌhæpˈhæzədərd◂
happening or done in a way that is not planned or organized:
I continued my studies in a rather haphazard way.
Boondocks
ˈbuːndɑːks
Informal
a place that is a long way from the nearest town
Extinct
ɪkˈstɪŋkt
it does not exist in society any more
an extinct species
v.
Ace
eIs
to do very well in an examination, a piece of written work etc
I aced the History test.
Flagrant
ˈfleɪgrənt
خدایی تابلو
a flagrant action is shocking because it is done in a way that is easily noticed and shows no respect for laws, truth etc
a flagrant disregard for the law
Fortitude
ˈfɔːrtɪətuːd
استحکام
Strength
Winnie is a woman of quiet fortitude who has endured a lot of suffering
Seductive
sɪˈdʌktɪv
someone, especially a woman, who is seductive is sexually attractive
She used all of her seductive charm to try and persuade him.
Prognosis
prɑːgˈnoʊsɪəs
a doctor’s opinion of how an illness or disease will develop
Doctors said Blake’s long-term prognosis is good.
Kick the bucket
Die
it’s an idiom
Shiver
ˈʃɪvər
to shake slightly because you are cold or frightened
Jake stood shivering in the cold air.
She shivered with fear and anger.
Thrilling
ˈθrɪlɪŋ
interesting and exciting:
a thrilling 3–2 victory
Turbulence
ˈtɜːrbjʊələns
irregular and violent movements of air or water that are caused by the wind
A period of political turbulence followed the civil war.
Extraordinary
ekˈstrɔːrdn-eri,
very unusual or surprising:
It’s extraordinary that he should make exactly the same mistake agai
Explicit
ɪkˈsplɪsɪət
expressed in a way that is very clear and direct
He made the rules without being explicit about them.
Implicit
ɪmˈplɪsɪət
ضمنی
suggested or understood without being stated directly
Her words contained an implicit threat.
Vigilant
ˈvɪdʒɪələnt
giving careful attention to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity
Please remain vigilant at all times and report anything suspicious.
Inanimate
ɪnˈænɪəmɪət
not living
an inanimate object
Pulsating
ˈpʌlseɪt
to make sounds or movements that are strong and regular like a heart beating
pulsating music
Hailstone
ˈheɪlstoʊn
a small ball of frozen rain
Smog
smɒːg
dirty air that looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, caused by smoke from cars and factories in cities
Daunting
ˈdɒːntɪŋ
frightening in a way that makes you feel less confiden
He’s got the daunting task of following in Ferguson’s footsteps.
Belabour
bɪˈleɪbər
to keep emphasizing a fact or idea in a way that is annoying
belabour the point
Leeway
ˈliːweɪ
freedom to do things in the way you want to
Try to give teenagers more leeway to make their own decisions.
Aforementioned
ˈæfərˌmenʃənd
mentioned before in an earlier part of a document, article, book etc
The property belongs to the aforementioned Mr Jones.
Particulates
pərˈtɪkjʊəleɪts
harmful dust in the air, especially produced by car engines
Detriment
ˈdetrɪəmənt
harm or damage
to the detriment of something (=resulting in harm or damage to something
Demise
the end of something that used to exist
the imminent demise (=happening soon) of the local newspaper
Detrimental
ˌdetrɪəˈmentl◂
harmful
the detrimental effect of pollution on the environment
Intriguing
ɪnˈtriːgɪŋ
fascinating
The magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing
Flaw
flɒː
defect
a flaw in the software
Grip
grɪp
- power and control over someone or something
- the way you hold something tightly, or your ability to do this
Stalin’s determination to keep an iron grip on Eastern Europe
Trickle
ˈtrɪkəl
if liquid trickles somewhere, it flows slowly in drops or in a thin stream
The tears trickled down her cheeks.
Anthropology
ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒi
the scientific study of people, their societies, cultures etc
Nomadic
noʊˈmædɪk
عشایری، چادرنشینی
Vying
ˈvaɪ-ɪŋ
to compete very hard with someone in order to get something
There are at least twenty restaurants vying with each other for custom.
Woodpecker
Possess
pəˈzes
to have a particular quality or ability
He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
دارا بودن، برخوردار بودن
Housebroken
a pet animal that is housebroken has been trained not to make the house dirty with its urine and faeces
Roam
roʊm
to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction➔ wander
You shouldn’t let your children roam the streets.
Enclosure
ɪnˈkloʊʒər
an area surrounded by a wall or fence, and used for a particular purpose
the bear enclosure at the zoo
Nevertheless
ˌnevərðəˈles
in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned
SYN nonetheless
What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.
Thus
ðʌs
as a result of something that you have just mentioned
Conceivable
kənˈsiːvəbəl
able to be believed or imagined
OPP inconceivable
It is conceivable that you may get full compensation, but it’s not likely
Chime
tʃaɪm
if a bell or clock chimes, it makes a ringing sound, especially to tell you what time it is
The clock in the hall chimed six.
Set out
to start a journey, especially a long journey
Whereas
werˈæz
used to say that although something is true of one thing, it is not true of another
The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.
Orchard
ˈɔːrtʃərd
a place where fruit trees are grown:
a cherry orchard
Extracurricular
ˌekstrəkəˈrɪkjʊələr◂
extracurricular activities are not part of the course that a student is doing at a school or college➔ curriculum
Ceiling
ˈsiːlɪŋ
roof
Obscure
əbˈskjʊr
not well known and usually not very important
For some obscure reason, the group is very popular.
Magnificent
mægˈnɪfɪəsənt
very good or beautiful, and very impressive
a magnificent performance
Exorbitant
ɪgˈzɔːrbɪətənt
an exorbitant price, amount of money etc is much higher than it should be
SYN astronomical
exorbitant rent/ prices etc
exorbitant rates of interest
Allegation
ˌælɪˈgeɪʃən
a statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal, but that has not been proved
Mr Singh has strongly denied the allegations of sexual harassmen
Occult
ˈɑːkʌlt
supernatural
the occult powers
Ritual
ˈrɪtʃuəl
a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to mark an important religious or social occasion
The lady of the house performs the sacred ritual of lighting two candles.
Sceptic
ˈskeptɪk
a person who disagrees with particular claims and statements, especially those that are generally thought to be true
Sceptics argued that the rise in prices was temporary.
Contend
kənˈtend
insist
Three armed groups are contending for power.
Mundane
mʌnˈdeɪn
boring
Initially, the work was pretty mundane.
Dip
to put something into a liquid and lift it out again
Infamous
ˈɪnfəməs
well known for being bad or evil
This area is infamous for drugs and prostitution.
Anecdotal
ˌænɪkˈdoʊtl◂
consisting of short stories based on someone’s personal experience
حکایتی
## Footnote
His findings are based on anecdotal evidence rather than serious research.
n.
Squirrel
ˈskwɜːrəl
Attic
ˈætɪk
a space or room just below the roof of a house, often used for storing things
a small attic room
Eaves
iːvz
Birds had nested under the eaves.
Repellent
rɪˈpelənt
very unpleasant➔ repulsive:
The sight of blood is repellent to some people.
v.
Clog
klɑːg
to block something or become blocked
Over many years, the pipes had got clogged up with grease
Deficiency
dɪˈfɪʃənsi
shortage
a deficiency of safe play areas for children
Bonanza
boʊˈnænzə
a lucky or successful situation where people can make a lot of money
2008 was a bonanza year for the oil industry.
Repressed
rɪˈprest
سرکوب شده
frustrated
a repressed middle-aged woman
Claw
klɒː
The cat dug his claws into my leg.
Canid
ˈkanɪd
Retractable
rɪˈtræktəbəl
a retractable part of something can be pulled back into the main part
a knife with a retractable blade
Plausible
ˈplɒːzɪəbəl
reasonable and likely to be true or successful
OPP implausible
His story certainly sounds plausible.
v.
Affiliate
əˈfɪlieɪt
if a group or organization affiliates to or with another larger one, it forms a close connection with it
the church’s right to affiliate to Rome
Conifer
ˈkɑːnɪəfər
a tree such as a pine or fir that has leaves like needles and produces brown cones that contain seeds. Most types of conifer keep their leaves in winter
coniferous forests
Scout
skaʊt
an organization for boys that teaches them practical skills
He was spotted by a scout at the age of 13.
Impede
ɪmˈpiːd
to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress
Storms at sea impeded our progress.
Nefarious
nɪˈferiəs
evil or criminal
nefarious activities such as drug trafficking and fraud
Diner
ˈdaɪnər
a small restaurant that serves cheap meals
Flamboyant
flæmˈbɔɪənt
behaving in a confident or exciting way that makes people notice you
He lifted his arms in a flamboyant gesture.
Depict
dɪˈpɪkt
to describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc
a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
v.
Extinguish
ɪkˈstɪŋgwɪʃ
to make a fire or light stop burning or shining
Please extinguish all cigarettes.
Delicate
ˈdelɪkɪət
fragile
The sun can easily damage a child’s delicate skin
Imprint
ˈɪmprɪnt
the mark left by an object being pressed into or onto something
the imprint of her hand on the soft sand
v.
Chug
tʃʌg
if a car, train etc chugs somewhere, it moves there slowly, with the engine making a repeated low sound
The boat chugged out of the harbour.
Nouveau
ˌnuːvoʊ
new
Accustom
əˈkʌstəm
عادت کردن
to make yourself or another person become used to a situation or place
It took a while for me to accustom myself to all the new rules
Dwindle
ˈdwɪndl
to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller
The elephant population is dwindling.
Monikor
ˈmɑːnɪkər
a name, especially one that you choose for yourself or give something
the monikor “Never Trumper”
Contemporary
kənˈtempəreri
modern
an exhibition of contemporary Japanese prints
n.
Discourse
ˈdɪskɔːrs
a serious speech or piece of writing on a particular subjec
a discourse on art
Spectrum
ˈspektrəm
a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite
The two articles here represent opposite ends of the spectrum.
Designation
ˌdezɪgˈneɪʃən
تخصیص
the act of choosing someone or something for a particular purpose, or of giving them a particular description
Her official designation is Systems Manager.
Colloquialism
kəˈloʊkwiəlɪzəm
an expression or word used in informal conversation
Portmanteau
pɔːrtˈmæntoʊ
a very large suitcase that opens into two parts
Outstanding
aʊtˈstændɪŋ
extremely good
an outstanding example of a 13th-century castle
Dazzel
ˈdæzəl
if a very bright light dazzles you, it stops you from seeing properly for a short time
a deer dazzled by the headlights
Shipwrek
ˈʃɪp-rek
wrek; the destruction of a ship in an accident
survivors of the shipwreck
Perennial
pəˈreniəl
continuing or existing for a long time, or happening again and again
Lack of resources has been a perennial problem since the beginning.
کمبود منابع از ابتدا یک مشکل همیشگی بوده است.
Legislature
ˈledʒɪəsleɪtʃər
an institution that has the power to make or change laws
the state legislature of Virginia
Sage
seɪdʒ
someone, especially an old man, who is very wise
Cattle
ˈkætl
cow
Grain
greɪn
the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves
Last year’s grain harvest was the biggest ever.
Wedgelike
گوه مانند
Cuneiform
kjuːˈniːəfɔːrm
Mikhi
Oracle
ˈɒ:rəkəl
scholar
Affair
əˈfer
an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been referred to
China is now a major player in world affairs
Temple
tempəl
a building where people go to worship, in the Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, and Mormon religions
Astronomy
əˈstrɒ:nəmi
the scientific study of the stars and
Priest
priːst
someone who is specially trained to perform religious duties and ceremonies in the Christian church
Inherent
ɪnˈhərənt
a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it
Every business has its own inherent risks.
Legit
lɪəˈdʒɪt
legal or allowed by official rules
Don’t worry, the deal’s strictly legit.
Pollster
ˈpoʊlstər
someone who works for a company that prepares and asks questions to find out what people think about a particular subject
Botanist
ˈbɒ:tənɪəst
someone whose job is to make scientific studies of wild plants
Scarce
skers
if something is scarce, there is not very much of it available
There was fierce competition for the scarce resources.
Breach
briːtʃ
an action that breaks a law, rule, or agreement
They sued the company for breach of contract.
Speculation
ˌspekjʊəˈleɪʃən
when you guess about the possible causes or effects of something without knowing all the facts, or the guesses that you make
The witness’s statement was pure speculation
Demonstrative
dɪˈmɒ:nstrətɪv
willing to show that you care about someone
My mother wasn’t demonstrative; she never hugged me.
Schooner
ˈskuːnər
a fast sailing ship with two sails
Rejoice
rɪˈdʒɔɪs
to feel or show that you are very happy
We rejoiced in our good fortune.
Cudlly
ˈkʌdli
a person or animal that is cuddly makes you want to cuddle them
He is the most affectionate and cuddly dog I have ever known.
Endear
ɪnˈdɪr
to make someone popular and liked
The emperor saw an opportunity to endear himself to the Athenian
Expletive
ˈeksplətɪv
a rude word that you use when you are angry or in pain, for example ‘shit’
expletive “it”
