Erikson and Kohlberg

Question 1

What did Erik Erikson developed?

Answer 1

Stages of Psychosocial Development

Question 2

What did Lawrence Kohlberg developed?

Answer 2

Stages of Moral Development

Question 3

(True or false) According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully
mastering the stage and progressing to the next one.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What did Kohlberg found out after interviewing children, adolescents, and eventually adults?

Answer 4

He found out that moral reasoning develops in stages.

Question 5

Explain Trust versus Mistrust (Birth to 1 Year)

Answer 5

Establishing trust is essential for the development of a healthy personality. The formation of trust results in faith and optimism.

Question 5

Explain Trust versus Mistrust (Birth to 1 Year)

Answer 5

Establishing trust is essential for the development of a healthy personality. The formation of trust results in faith and optimism.

Question 6

Explain Autonomy versus Sense of Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 Years)

Answer 6

The toddler develops his or her autonomy by making choices. Limiting choices and/or enacting harsh punishment leads to feelings of shame and doubt. The toddler who successfully masters this stage achieves self-control and willpower.

Question 7

Explain Initiative versus Guilt (3 to 6 Years)

Answer 7

this is time they are developing their superego, or conscience. Conflicts often occur between the
child’s desire to explore, and the limits placed on his or her behavior. These conflicts sometimes lead to feelings of frustration and guilt. Guilt also occurs if
the caregiver’s responses are too harsh. Successful
resolution of this stage results in direction and purpose.

Question 8

Explain Industry versus Inferiority (6 to 11 Years)

Answer 8

Without proper support for learning new skills or if skills are too difficult, they develop a sense of inadequacy and inferiority. Children at this age need to be able to experience real achievement to develop a sense of competency

Question 9

Explain Identity versus Role Confusion (Puberty)

Answer 9

This stage, in which identity development begins with the goal of achieving some perspective or direction, answers the question, “Who am I?”

Question 10

Explain Intimacy versus Isolation (Young Adult).

Answer 10

If the young adult is not able to establish companionship and intimacy, isolation
results because he or she fears rejection and disappointment.

Question 11

Explain Generativity versus Self-Absorption and Stagnation (Middle Age)

Answer 11

Middle-age adults achieve success in this stage by contributing to future generations through
parenthood, teaching, and community involvement. Achieving generativity results in caring for others as a basic strength. Inability to play a role in the
development of the next generation results in stagnation.

Question 12

Explain Integrity versus Despair (Old Age)

Answer 12

Many older adults review their lives with a sense of satisfaction, They interpret their lives as a meaningful or experience regret because of goals not achieved. Because the aging process creates physical and social losses, some adults also suffer loss of status and function.

Question 13

Lawrence Kolhberg is concerned about what?

Answer 13

he was concerned about the reasons an individual makes a decision

Question 14

In this level, children are responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right and wrong. However, children interpret these in terms of
the physical consequences of their actions, that is, punishment or reward.

Answer 14

Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning

Question 15

“I must follow the rules; otherwise I will be punished.” Identify on what stage this takes place.

Answer 15

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

Question 16

In this stage the child recognizes that there is more than one right view

Answer 16

Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation

Question 17

In this level, the person sees moral reasoning
based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and others’ expectations. Moral decision making at this level moves from, “What’s in it for
me?” to “How will it affect my relationships with others?”

Answer 17

Level II: Conventional Reasoning

Question 18

(Identify the stage)
“Being good” is important and defined as having good motives, showing concern for others, and keeping mutual relationships through trust, loyalty, respect, and gratitude. One earns approval by “being nice.”

Answer 18

Stage 3: Good Boy–Nice Girl Orientation

Question 19

(Identify the stage)
Moral decisions consider societal perspectives. Right behavior is doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority, and maintaining the social order.

Example: Adolescents choose not to
attend a party where they know beer will be served, not because they are afraid of getting caught, but because they know that it is not right.

Answer 19

Stage 4: Society-Maintaining Orientation

Question 20

This is the level where in the person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations
and societal rules and regulations. Individuals at this stage start to look at what an ideal society would be like.

Answer 20

Level III: Postconventional Reasoning.

Question 21

(Identify the stage)
an individual follows the societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society.

Answer 21

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

Question 22

This stage defines “right” by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles. These principles are abstract, like the
Golden Rule.

Answer 22

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation