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VETM 422: Virology > equine viral diseases 1 - Steph > Flashcards

equine viral diseases 1 - Steph Flashcards

1
Q

equine influenza virus family

A

orthomyxoviridae

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2
Q

equine influenza viral structure

A

ssRNA virus, 8 segments, 11 proteins

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3
Q

name the influenza virus types

A

A,B,C,D

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4
Q

which influenza virus type infects equine

A

Influenza virus A (H3,H7)

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5
Q

equine influenza A1 is also known as

A

H7N7

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6
Q

equine influenza A2 is also known as

A

H3N8

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7
Q

what is the relationship between equine and canine influenza

A

equine influenza virus mutated to produce canine influenza virus
- H3N8 influenza virus closely related , flu virus jumped from horses to dogs (changed tropism)

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8
Q

which equine influenza suntype is common and crosses to canines?

A

equine influenza A2 - H3N8

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9
Q

hosts of equne influenza

A

horses, donkeys, mules, dogs

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10
Q

how is equine influenza transmitted

A

highly contagious aerosols (coughing etc.)

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11
Q

when is equine influenza virus excreted

A

excreted during the incubation period and for at least five days after the onset of clinical signs

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12
Q

who is able to shed equine influenza virus

A

vaccinated and infected horses are able to shed

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13
Q

incubation period of equine influenza virus

A

1-3 days

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14
Q

which cells does equine influenza target

A

ciliated epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages

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15
Q

where does equine influenza virus replicate

A

upper and lower respiratory tract epithelium

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16
Q

what are the consequences of equine influenza replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract epithelium

A

destruction of ciliated epithelium and secondary bacterial infection –> laryngitis, bronchitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia –> pulmonary congestion and edema

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17
Q

what happens when there are equine influenza virus outbreaks among heavily pregnant mares

A

increased neonatal losses because of premature placental separation and dystocia causing fetal hypoxia –> may be related to high fever and not due to fetal infection

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18
Q

what causes equine pneumonia

A

equine influenza plus a secondary bacterial infection

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19
Q

how long until a horse can resume athletic activity after being infected with equine pneumonia

A

50-100 days

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20
Q

clinical manifestations of equine influenza

A
  • high fever (39-41)
  • depression (4-5 days)
  • inappetence
  • reddening of nasal mucosa
  • conjunctivitis
  • serous later mucopurulent discharge
  • fatal in foals <2 weeks old
  • characteristic harsh, dry paroxysmal cough
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21
Q

T/F: secondary bacterial infections are uncommon with equine influenza

A

FALSE!!! secondary bacterial infections are COMMON with equineinfluenza

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22
Q

in the absence of complications, how long does it take for a horse to recover from equine influenza

A

2-3 weeks after infection

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23
Q

morbidity and mortality of equine influenza

A

morbidity: 90%
mortality: low, 20%

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24
Q

diagnosis of equine influenza

A

Clinical signs: rapidly spreading respiratory infection, rapid onset, high fever, depression, cough
nasopharyngeal swabs
blood samples

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25
Q

why is it necessary to define the strain when diagnosing equine influenza

A

due to the wide range of stains and the use of vaccines

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26
Q

how long is equine influenza excreted for

A

7-10 days

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27
Q

how can you isolate/inoculate equine influenza virus in an embryo

A

inject virus isolation into allantoic and amniotic cavity, incubate for 3-4 days and collect the fluid

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28
Q

what is a hemagglutination inhibition test? what is it used for?

A

detects antibodies specific for influenza. control cell wells will show complete settling (button) while there will be an inhibition of agglutination by test virus (i think…)

from google: the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is used to titrate the antibody response to a viral infection. The HI assay takes advantage of some viruses’ ability to hemagglutinate (bind) red blood cells, therefore forming a “lattice” and preventing the red blood cells from clumping.

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29
Q

what is the purpose of using RT-PCR when dealing with equine influenza

A

seperates sub lineages that are available, sequences them to help identify them into clades

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30
Q

what vaccines are available for equine influenza

A

killed, live modified, recombinant vaccines

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31
Q

describe the killed vaccine for equine influenza (strain used, how many vaccinations required)

A

H3N8, multiple vaccines necessary

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32
Q

describe the routes of administration, number of vaccines required for modified live vaccine for equine influenza

A

intranasal, protects up to 12 months - needs annual vaccination

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33
Q

describe the recombinant vaccine for equine influenza

A

canary pox vector based, 2 doses needed initially and then revax annually

34
Q

at what age may maternal antibodies interfere with efficacy of vaccine against equine influenza in foals

A

vaccination before 6 weeks partuition may interfere

35
Q

at what age are maternal antibodies provided to the foal against equine influenza

A

2-6 weeks

36
Q

which vaccine for equine influenza can be administered during an outbreak and why?

A

modified live cold adapted. when given intranasal, close to environmental temperature vs in lower respiratory tract it is closer to 38-39 degrees and will not replicate. (remember that vaccinated individuals still shed the virus)

37
Q

which vaccine against equine influenza is a DIVA/marker vaccine ?

A

recombinant canary pox vector vaccine

38
Q

horses that have the DIVA vaccine for EIV: test / have immunity for (+/-) for hemagglutinate and test (+/-) for nuclear capsid proteins

A

serological testing:

test positive for hemagglutinate
test negative for nuclear capsid protein

39
Q

horses that have been infected by WT EIV: test for (+/-) for hemagglutinate and test (+/-) for nuclear capsid proteins

A

serological testing:

test positive for hemagglutinate
test positive for nuclear capsid protein

40
Q

horses that have the vaccine without DIVA for EIV: test / have immunity for (+/-) for hemagglutinate and test (+/-) for nuclear capsid proteins

A

serological testing:

test positive for hemagglutinate
test positive for nuclear capsid protein

41
Q

what are the implications for the modified live vaccine against equine influenza to be cold-adapted

A

virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract but not the lower mucosa –> immunity –> neutralize the virus at entry point

42
Q

what is a vaccination buffer zone

A

vaccination of all susceptible animals with the hope to significantly decrease virus shedding to protect populations outside the buffer zone

43
Q

2 outcomes of emergency vaccinations

A

efficient buffer zone where horse outside of vaccination buffer zone is protected
inefficient buffer zone where virus shedding is sustained and pathogen escapes the vaccination buffer

44
Q

control measures for equine influenza virus

A
  • 2 week isolation when new animals arrive + vaccination
  • isolate suspected infected horse at least 50m apart
  • amantadine and rimantadine (associated with CNS adverse effects and poor oral availability)
  • rest in non-stressful environments
45
Q

equine viral arteritis order and family

A

order: nidovirales
family: arteriviridae

46
Q

hosts of equine viral arteritis

A

equidae, south american camelids

47
Q

T/F: equine viral arteritis is a annually notifiable disease

A

true

48
Q

what type of genome does equine viral arteritis have ?

A

ssRNA positive sense

49
Q

EAV geographical distribution

A

recorded in most countries except iceland and japan

50
Q

transmission of EAV l

A

lateral spread via. personel, teaser, fomites, or during semen collection

Sexual transmission:
venereal transmission

contaminated frozen semen

51
Q

what is the natural reservoirs for EAV***

A

carrier stallions (no carrier state in mares, geldings and foals)

52
Q

replication of EAV occurs in what type of cells

A

alveolar macrophages
pulmonary blood vessel endothelial cells
type II pneumocytes

53
Q

what days are neutralizing antibodies present for EAV

A

day 6-40

54
Q

what days is the EAV present in blood

A

only day 3-5

55
Q

what is the time period for EAV to be shed in the semen

A

day 7-40

56
Q

2 possible pathogeneses of EAV abortion

A
  1. leukocyte associated viremia: EAV infects uterine blood vessels and myometrium –> vasculitis and myometritis with ischemia followed by precocious chorionic detachment –> uninfected aborted fetus
  2. leukocyte associated viremia: EAV infects uterine blood vessels and myometrium –>EAV infects areolar trophoblast chorionic mesenchyma and sporadically the fetus –> infected aborted fetus or infected newborn foal
57
Q

clinical signs of EAV infection

A
  • depression
  • limb edema
  • nasal discharge
  • periorbital edema/conjunctivitis
  • epiphora
  • scrotal/preputial edema
  • edema, mammary glands
  • utricarial rash
58
Q

incubation period of EAV

A

1-14 days

59
Q

clinical features of EAV

A

high fever, depression, anorexia, leukopenia

60
Q

clinical features of foals infected with EAV

A

sporadic death due to interstitial pneumonia

61
Q

clinical features of stallions infected with EAV

A
  • decreased fertility –> reduced sperm quality because of increased scrotal temperature and edema
  • decreased libido
62
Q

main lesion found in horses infected with EAV***

A

vasculitis: perivascular edema, necrosis of arterial wall, lymphocytic infiltration

63
Q

postmortem lesions found in acute cases of EAV

A
  • edema, congestion, hemorrhages
  • fluid accumulation in body cavities
64
Q

postmortem lesions found in foals infected with EAV

A
  • pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia, splenic infarcts, enteritis
65
Q

postmortem lesions found in aborting mares with EAv infecction

A
  • endometrial hemorrhages
  • partially autolyzed fetuses
66
Q

5 ways to diagnose EAV in lab

A

Virus isolation: semen, rabbit kidney cells
nucleic acid detection: RT-PCR
antigen detection: immunohistochemistry
serology: virus neutralization, ELISA
carrier stallions can be detected by breeding to two seronegative bares

67
Q

vereneal transmission prevention and control of EAV

A
  • separate pregnant mares from other horses
  • isolate new arrivals
    breed carrier stalions only to well vaccinated or seropositive mares
68
Q

carrier stallion prevention and control of EAV

A
  • physically isolate from uninfected horses
  • clean and disinfect fomites
69
Q

vaccines available against EAV

A
  • modified live virus vaccine (only in NA)
  • inactivated vaccine (only europe)
70
Q

vaccination protocol against EAV

A

vaccinate before breeding season to protect uninfected stallions

71
Q

describe the structure and genome of bovine papilloma virus

A

non enveloped (resistant)
double stranded circular DNA genome

72
Q

where does bovine papilloma virus replicate

A

germinal layer of skin in bovines (NOT EQUINES)

73
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed tumor of equids

A

equine sarcoids

74
Q

what is equine sarcoids caused by

A

bovine papilloma virus 1 and 2 (non enveloped)

75
Q

why is bovine papilloma virus not transmitted from equine to equine***

A

bovine papilloma virus does not complete replication cycle within equine epithelial cells –> no amplificatiton fo the virus within equid species –> so no transmission between equid species

76
Q

transmission of bovine papilloma virus

A

fomites (bovine species must be present)

77
Q

where is the nodular and verrucous form of equine sarcoid commonly found

A

groin, sheath, face

78
Q

where is the fibroplastic form of equine sarcoid found

A

predilection for legs, groin, eyelids and sites of previous injury

79
Q

clinical presentations of equine sarcoids

A
  • multiple extensive verrucose
  • multifocal fibroblastic sarcoid
  • eyelid sarcoids
  • fibroblastic sarcoid on the pastern region
80
Q

describe the histological findings of an equid infected with bovine papilloma virus

A
  • epidermal proliferation –> long rete pegs into the dermal fibroblastic tissue which contains immature fibroblasts with mitotic figures in a whorled fibrocellular mass
81
Q

treatment of equine sarcoids

A

currently no effective treatment, efficacy is difficult to quantify

VETM 422: Virology (20 decks)

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