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VETM 422: Virology > Canine viral diseases 1 - Nicole > Flashcards

Canine viral diseases 1 - Nicole Flashcards

1
Q

how does herpesvirus infect adult dogs?

A

infection through venereal or respiratory epithelial cells

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2
Q

how does herpesvirus infect neonate dogs?

A

ingestion or inhalation (birth canal, contact, fomites)

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3
Q

how does herpesvirus infect fetal dogs?

A

through the placenta

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4
Q

once a dog has been infected with herpesvirus, what happens? (adult, neonate, fetus)

A

adult & neonate >2 weeks old - localized infection & replication, then latency

Fetus & neonate <1 week old - leukocyte-associated viremia and generalized infection

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5
Q

Once the adult & neonate > 2 weeks old have been infected with herpesvirus, and localized infection & replication have happened, what is the outcome?

A

virus will not be cleared from body and will persist in respiratory and genital tracts & replicate in endothelial cells and have latency

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6
Q

after a neonate <1 week old or fetus are infected with herpesvirus, and leukocyte-associated viremia + generalized infection has taken place, what then?

A

diffuse necrotizing vasculitis, mutlifocal hemorrhagic necrosis of many organs, including CNS

THEN

  • animal recovers OR
  • neonatal illness/death // fetal abortion/ stillbirth / infertility
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7
Q

herpesvirus clinical presentation adults

A

often subclinical and latency follows. It may also be associated with mild rhinitis / vesicular vaginitis /posthitis

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8
Q

where are the sites of herpesvirus latency

A

the trigeminal and lumbosacral ganglia are the sites of latency

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9
Q

herpesvirus presentation in pregnant animals

A

early fetal loss, late-term abortion, stillbirth, or the birth of compromised neonates

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10
Q

what gross lesion is pathognomonic of canine herpesvirus-1 infection?

A

presence of petechiae in the renal cortex of the newborn

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11
Q

herpesvirus - radiating hemorrhages from the renal pelvis are present in the

A

kidneys & may also have tubular necrosis

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12
Q

herpesvirus-infected epithelial cells contain

A

round eosinophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by a clear halo and marginated chromatin

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13
Q

herpesvirus effects on liver

A

multifocal necrosis and hemorrhages

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14
Q

herpesvirus - viral antigen and similar lesions observable in which organs

A

vascular endothelium, liver, adrenal glands, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and lymph nodes

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15
Q

lung lesions from herpesvirus

A

small coalescing pale foci - necrotizing interstitial pneumonitis

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16
Q

pulmonary parenchyma appearance herpesvirus

A

focally effaced by fibrin exudate and necrotic cell debris

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17
Q

herpesvirus-infected epithelial cells contain

A

round, eosinophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by a clear halo and marginated chromatin

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18
Q

ocular form of herpesvirus

A

diffuse corneal oedema and mature cataracts

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19
Q

can you isolate herpesvirus in the CNS?

A

yes in cerebellum and cerebrum

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20
Q

diagnosis herpesvirus

A

-lesions in affected neonates are pathognomonic
- virus can be isolated from fresh lung, liver, kidney, and spleen by cell culture techniques
-histological demonstration of intra-nuclear inclusion bodies
-virus neutralization assay is available at OVC

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21
Q

control of herpesvirus

A

no vaccine is available
- colostrum (maternal antibody) protects the pup from disease
- removing puppies from affected mother by c-section and rearing in isolation has prevented deaths under experimental conditions - but if virus has crossed the placenta already might not work

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22
Q

infectious canine hepatitis family & causative agent

A

adenoviridae & canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1)

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23
Q

CAV-2 infection is part of the complex that causes

A

infectious canine tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)

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24
Q

CAV-1 virus description

A

-naked double stranded DNA virus
-replicates in nucleus & forms intranuclear inclusions

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25
Q

Adenoviridae pentons make up

A

the apices and possess projecting fibers that mediate the attachment of the virus to cellular receptors

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26
Q

can adenoviruses infect many different species?

A

yes

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27
Q

is CAV-1 stable in the environment?

A

yes but is susceptible to iodine, phenol, and sodium hydroxide and heating for 5 minutes between 50-60°C

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28
Q

CAV-1 causes clinical disease in

A

dogs, foxes, coyotes, and other canids and bears

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29
Q

is subclinical disease common for CAV-1

A

yes, widespread serological response in wild canids

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30
Q

most common age for Infectious canine hepatitis

A

within a year of age - however, unvaccinated dogs may get the clinical disease at any time

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31
Q

transmission of infectious canine hepatitis

A

contact with fomites
-oronasal exposure
-ectoparasites are shown to harbour the virus and may be involved
-aerosol transmission unlikely

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32
Q

does canine infectious hepatitis have an acute or chronic phase?

A

both

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33
Q

acute canine infectious hepatitis - virus excretion

A

virus excretion in saliva, feces, respiratory mucus-during the acute phase (5-10 days)

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34
Q

which type of hypersensitivity does canine infectious hepatitis cause?

A

local type 3 hypersensitivity - immune complex formation

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35
Q

canine infectious hepatitis - chronic - how long do animals excrete the virus

A

virus excretion in urine for 6-9 months, start 10-14 days of infection

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36
Q

mechanisms of kidney damage during canine adenovirus 1 * WILL PROBABLY BE A QUESTION*

A

1 - cytopathic effect due to viral replication
2 - antibody production/immune complex formation

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37
Q

canine adenovirus 1 - cytopathic effect due to viral replication explained

A

virus can replicate in cells which causes damage to the cells and affects hepatocytes, renal tubule cells, and vascular endothelial cells

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38
Q

can the brain get affected by infectious canine hepatitis?

A

yes - it has endothelial cells that can be targets for viral replication or antibody complex deposition

39
Q

canine adenovirus 1 - how do circulating antibody complexes damage the kidneys

A

circulating complexes can deposit in ANY endothelial cells and can then deposit in renal glomeruli causing glomerulonephritis

40
Q

canine adenovirus 1 - how do circulating antibody complexes cause local damage in eyes

A

antibody complexes deposit in cornea, causing opacity and anterior uveitis

41
Q

signs of canine adenovirus-1

A

slight fever, lethargy, mucous membrane congestion, tender abdomen, jaundice, vomiting

42
Q

where can canine adenovirus 1 cause hemorrhage?

A

lungs, thickened gall bladder, lymph nodes, enteritis, oral mucosa, neurologic

43
Q

other lesions caused by canine adenovirus 1

A

petechial and echimotic hemorrhages in all serous surfaces

44
Q

diagnosis of canine adenovirus 1

A

clinical signs, hematological findings, and liver enzyme changes are suggestive of infectious canine hepatitis (main way)

  • can also do ante mortem confirmation by serology, virus isolation, and molecular techniques or post mortem histopathology
45
Q

source of infection of infectious canine hepatitis-

A

virus in environment is very resistant (not enveloped) and reservoir in wild carnivores (sub clinical) and ectoparasites

46
Q

control of infectious canine hepatitis - maternal immunity

A

pups are protected 5-7 wks but by 14-16 weeks wanes completely

47
Q

control of infectious canine hepatitis - vaccination

A

killed vaccines - safe & need frequent administration (annual) - CAV-1
-modified live viral vaccine (given every 3-5 years) - CAV-1

48
Q

if given the CAV-1 modified live viral vaccine, what can develop in dogs?

A

vaccine virus can localize in the kidney - mild subclinical interstitial nephritis and virus is shed in urine, they can also develop blue eye (see other flashcard)

49
Q

do modern vaccines against infectious canine hepatitis contain CAV-1 or CAV-2?

A

CAV-1 or CAV-2, but not both. However, either one protects against both hepatitis and cough

50
Q

can different vaccines for canine infectious hepatitis cause different side effects?

A

yes - different for CAV-1 vs CAV-2 vaccines AND by route administered

51
Q

typical modified live vaccine route for canine infectious hepatitis

A

IM/subq

52
Q

IM/subq modified live side effects for CAV-1 and CAV-2 vaccines

A

CAV-1 - uveitis (0.4%) & urinary shedding
CAV-2 - none

53
Q

does an intraocular CAV-1 or CAV-2 modified live vaccine cause any side effects?

A

yes - uveitis in 100% of cases for both

54
Q

does intranasal CAV-1 or CAV-2 modified live vaccine cause any side effects

A

none in CAV-1 and mild resp disease in CAV-2

55
Q

does IV CAV-1 or CAV-2 modified live vaccine cause any side effects

A

CAV-1 - fever, uveitis, urinary shedding
CAV-2 - fever, mild resp, tonsilitis

56
Q

Does CAV-2 virus protect against kennel cough too?

A

yes

57
Q

is canine infectious tracheobronchitis a multifactorial disease?

A

yes - can have viral & bacterial causes

58
Q

canine infectious tracheobronchitis viral etiology

A

canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) - most common
CAV-2
Canine distemper virus

59
Q

canine infectious tracheobronchitis bacterial etiology

A

bordatella bronchisepta may act as primary pathogen & most common
others may cause secondary infections after viral injury

60
Q

risk factors for canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

-dogs housed in high density
-mixing of dogs from diff origins and age
-contact with sick animals
-stress
- B. bronchosepta host range
-pre-existing subclinical airway diseases
-housing with poor hygiene

61
Q

how long do animals shed canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

viral agents excreted for about 2 weeks and bacterial agents for >3 months

62
Q

transmission of canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

virus is shed in ocular and resp secretions
-aerosolized micro-droplets, direct contact, and on contaminated fomites

63
Q

canine infectious tracheobronchitis viral shedding

A

one slide said for about two weeks and another slide said for 8-10 days so not sure which one is right

64
Q

two forms of canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A
  1. uncomplicated
  2. complicated
65
Q

uncomplicated form canine infectious tracheobronchitis - signs

A

harsh dry cough, watery nasal discharge, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis (not systemically ill)

66
Q

site of viral replication canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

respiratory epithelium, & destroys these cells

67
Q

how long does uncomplicated canine infectious tracheobronchitis last

A

body mounts immune response and mild disease passes in 1-2 weeks, severe disease passes in 3-4 weeks

68
Q

how to help treat uncomplicated canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

reduce stress and exercise to minimize irritation to the airways

69
Q

complicated form canine infectious tracheobronchitis - who does this occur in

A

young unvaccinated puppies, immunocompromised, and elderly animals

70
Q

in complicated form, can the body generate immune response?
canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

body unable to generate appropriate antibody response –> viremia –> secondary bacterial infections –> lethargy, severe fever, and inappetence

71
Q

do complicated canine infectious tracheobronchitis dogs require treatment

A

yes

72
Q

canine infectious tracheobronchitis clinical findings

A

dry hacking cough sometimes followed by retching and gagging - loud honking sound
- cough can be induced by gentle palpation of larynx or trachea

73
Q

control of canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

vaccination <3

74
Q

canine infectious tracheobronchitis - what kind of vaccine is used?

A

modified live virus vaccines against distemper, CPiV, and CAV-2, which also provides protection against CAV-1

75
Q

canine infectious tracheobronchitis vaccine schedule

A

initial vaccination should be given at 6-8 weeks and repeated twice at 3-4 week intervals until animal is 14-16 wks old
-revaccinate annually

76
Q

when risk of Bordatella bronchioseptica is significant, what’s the ideal vaccine

A

use of a live, avirulent, intranasal vaccine is preferable to parenteral products containing inactivated bacteria or bacterial extracts

77
Q

combination vaccine of avirulent B. bronchioseptica and a modified live parainfluenza vaccine is available for intranasal use - schedule

A
  • one inoculation is administered to puppies >3 weeks old
78
Q

combination vaccine of avirulent B. bronchioseptica and a modified live parainfluenza vaccine - side effects

A

very efficacious BUT mild resp signs
vaccine virus excretion for about 4 days

79
Q

combination vaccine of avirulent B. bronchioseptica and a modified live parainfluenza vaccine
- who is this recommended for

A

higher risk animals

80
Q

can dogs get influenza

A

ya boiiii

81
Q

which influenza mutated to affect dogs too

A

H3N8 equine influenza virus mutated to produce canine influenza virus

82
Q

2 main target cells of canine influenza

A

alveolar macrophages + resp epithelium (ciliary membrane)

83
Q

how many subtypes of canine influenza are there

A

2 - H3N8 & H3N2

84
Q

are both subtypes of canine influenza well established in popn?

A

yes in North America
- both have vaccines against them

85
Q

what happens to respiratory tract after being infected with canine influenza?

A

causes clumping of cilia which means there’s a hard time clearing mucus, bacteria
mucus production is not affected

86
Q

why is canine influenza attacking alveolar macrophages significant?

A

affects macrophage functions & decreasing numbers of macrophages allows secondary bacterial infections

87
Q

can human H1N1 infect dogs

A

yes, but is transmitted inefficiently between dogs

88
Q

H5N1 (HPAI) - is it in dogs?

A

2023 April - first domestic dog case in Canada (ON) after chewing on a dead goose
- showed resp signs then died
another dog in Thailand in 2006

89
Q

canine influenza - clinical signs

A

not reliable - coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge

90
Q

how to detect canine influenza

A

virus isolation, immunoassays to detect virus antigen, RT-PCR to detect virus nucleic acid, and serology for antibodies - deep or pharyngeal swabs

91
Q

vaccines available for canine influenza

A

monovalent or bivalent vaccines are available for both H3N8 and H3N2 canine influenza

92
Q

does vaccination for canine influenza help

A

vaccination may not all together prevent an infection but it may reduce the severity and duration of clinical illness

93
Q

you may see intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in a section of liver in

A

herpesvirus

94
Q

you may see intranuclear basophilic inclusions in a section of liver in

A

adenovirus

VETM 422: Virology (20 decks)

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