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VETM 422: Virology > bovine viral diseases 2 - Nicole > Flashcards

bovine viral diseases 2 - Nicole Flashcards

1
Q

what does BRDC stand for

A

Bovine respiratory disease complex

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2
Q

is BRDC a single factorial or multifactorial disease

A

multi factorial

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3
Q

how does BRDC lead to antimicrobial resistance

A

metaphylactic administration of antimicrobials in response to BRDC

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4
Q

what actually leads to the severe outcomes of BRDC

A

involvement of many bacteria

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5
Q

clinical signs of BRDC

A

excreting of saliva, mucous, purulent discharge

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6
Q

which season is BRDC associated with

A

winter (first 40 days on feed in a feedlot)

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7
Q

what disease is usually associated with summer

A

pneumonia (pasture based pneumonia)

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8
Q

what are 4 important viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease complex

A
  • boine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1/IBR)
  • bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3)
  • bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
  • bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) –> lots of respiratory effects and immune suppression
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9
Q

what family and genus is BRSV classified under

A

Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Pneumovirus

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10
Q

what is BRSV closely related with

A

HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus)

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11
Q

what is the important thing to remember about the genome of all viruses within paramyxovirinae

A

all have the same build and act in the same way (very little different structural change between viruses within this group)

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12
Q

BRSV clinical signs

A

weight loss due to lots of breathing efort

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13
Q

describe the seasonality of BRSV

A

peak infection in fall and winter (possibly into early spring)
- summer: ~60% negative
- winter - ~0% negative

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14
Q

draw the similarities between BRSV and HRSV

A

both have similar pathology, clinical signs, prevalence, duration of shedding, peak season of incidence

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15
Q

what is a syncytium

A

a polynucleated cell. cells merging together. numerous in individuals infected with BRSV or HRSV

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16
Q

what percentage does BRSV account for in epizootic respiratory diseases in dairy

A

60%

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17
Q

what percentage does BRSV account for in epizootic respiratory diseases in beef

A

70%

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18
Q

mortality of BRSV

A

2-3 –> 20%

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19
Q

what is the pathogenesis of BRSV closely related to? why?

A

closely related to host response: hsot system goes into overdirve –> protein excretion in lungs and trachea –> whipped cream –> hard to breath through

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20
Q

des vaccination induce disease or decrease disese for BRSV

A

vaccine induces immune responce which could induce disease

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21
Q

is there cytopathology evident in individuals infectd with BRSV

A

no, lungs will still be intact, just lots of host response

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22
Q

what are the natural hosts of BRSV

A

cattle

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23
Q

what does BPIV3 stand for

A

bovine parainfluenza virus type 3

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24
Q

how is BRSV and BPIV3 transmitted

A

direct contact between animals, aerosols, humans as a passive vector

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25
Q

what percentage of calves are infected with BRSv and BPIV3 in the first 24 months

A

70%

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26
Q

is BRSV and BPIV3 persistent, why?

A

we dont think its persistent. very difficult to show re-excretion of virus. Most likely gets re-introduced

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27
Q

describe the pathogenesis of BRSV BPIV3

A

pathogen enters the body via respiratory tract –> penetrates/degrades the mucous –> invades EPITHELIAL CELLS of upper resp tract via binding to sialic acid on cell membranes –> replicate in respiratory tract –> virus excreted with nasal discharge

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28
Q

where does PI3 replicate well in? is this the same for BRSV

A

PI3 replicates well in pulmonary alveolar macrophages. this induces immune supression: phagocytosis and prostaglandin production is suppressed. this is NOT the case for BRSV

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29
Q

does BRSV induce immune supression or heightened immune response

A

in BRSV infections, the host immune system causes damage due to pro-inflammatory genes being upregulated and extensive mast-cell degeneration in peracute cases

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30
Q

which is BRSV more pathogenic in: young calves or neonates? why?

A

young calves (6 weeks of age). maternal antibodies and way animal is mounting immune response accounts for BRSV being more pathogenic in young calves vs. neonates

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31
Q

what do BRSSV clinical outcomes depend on

A

age, immunological status, presence of specific antibodies, immunosupression, route and dose o infection, virulence of particular strain

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32
Q

how many days post infection is the peak of clinical signs in animals infected with BRSV BPIV3

A

4-6 days afetr infection

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33
Q

major clinical signs of BRSV BPIV3

A
  • fever (up to 40*C)
  • depression, lack of appetite or anorexia
  • increased respiratory rate: grunting, open mouth breathing, stretched neck, saliva pouring, tongue out
  • airways obstructed through overproduction of mucous: coughing, nasal discharge, pulmonary emphysema and edema, crackles and wheezes
34
Q

which has generally more severe clinical signs. BRSV or BPIV3?

A

BPIV3 generally less severe, although similar clinical signs (cough seromucoid nasal and occular discharge

35
Q

if you have a respiratory tract issue in a calf that is just born, is it likely BRSV

A

NO! animals infected with BRSV are 6wks old or older

36
Q

where do animals show clinical signs first when infected with BRSV. what follows?

A

animals first show upper respiratory tract disease followed by lower respiratory tract disease

37
Q

what is one explaination for the difference in severity of clinical signs of BRSV in calves 6 weeks of age versus neonates

A

proinflammatory cytokines (ex. TNF-alpha) have stronger responses in older animals –> stronger immune response –> more severe clinical signs in response to BRSV

38
Q

pathological findings for BRSV

A

Interstitial pneumonia. BRSV scattered and consolidated in pieces of lung

39
Q

what is a lot of the damage of BRSV due to

A

the immune response enhanced by BRSV and PI3 –> leads to further tissue damage

40
Q

what is the important species that Ovine herpes virus 2 is able to infect

A

bovines

41
Q

what is the major clinical sign of ovine herpesvirus 2 in bovine

A

Malignant catarrhal fever

42
Q

what are the clinical signs of ovine herpesvirus 2 in bovines

A
  • high fever
  • depression
  • catarrhal inflammation; erosions and mucopurulent exudation affecting the upper respiratory, ocular and oral mucosa
  • severe eye lesions!!!!! (panophthalmitis, hypopyon, corneal opacity)
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • lameness
  • CNS signs: depression, trembling, hyporesponsiveness, stupor, agressieness, convulsions)

… all die 2 weeks later

43
Q

describe the morbidity and mortality of ovine herpesvirus 2 in bovine ***

A

morbidity: low, individuals in herd
mortality: 100%!!! THEY ALL DIE IF INFECTED

44
Q

can ovine herpesvirus be transmitted cow to cow?

A

no. can only be transmitted sheep –> cow

45
Q

what clinical signs are included for MCF (malignant catarhal fever)

A

keratitis on eye, lesions, exudate and blisters on upper respiratory (nose and mouth)

46
Q

what kind of virus is bovine herpesvirus type 1

A

large DNA enveloped virus

47
Q

what animals is BHV-1 restricted to?

A

cattle and buffalo. does not stably cross species barriers

48
Q

what clinical disorders can bovine herpes virus lead to?

A

upper respiratory, conjuntivitis, genital disorders and immune suppression

49
Q

which of the three BHV-1 subtypes are most prevalent in north america?

A

type 1 (BHV-1.1)

50
Q

describe the clinical signs of BHV-1.1

A

respiratory tract and aborted fetuses (abortion storms)

51
Q

describe the clinical signs of BHV-1.2a

A

respiratory and genital tracts such as IBR, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) balanopostitis (IPB0 and abortions

52
Q

descrie the clinical signs of HBV-1.2b

A

respiratory disease (no lungs only respiratory tract, IPV/IPB but no abortion

53
Q

what makes BHV-1 more pathogenic

A

bacterial infection following BHV-1 viral infection –> all dead

54
Q

BHV-1 pathogenesis

A

direct nose-noe contact (or aerosols in short distance) –> enters epithelial cells in upper airways and nerves –> lysis of infected cells (necrosis and apoptosis) –> lysis of ciliate epithelium in trachea –> no mucocilliary clearance –> bacteria deposition in alveoli –> immunosuppression** (apoptosis of CH4+ cells, reduced expression of MHC 1 and MHC II, downreg of type 1 interferon)

55
Q

what part of the pathogenesis of BHV-1 is really significant for bacteria to take advantage of

A

immunosupression: apoptosis of CD4+ cells, reduced expression of MHC I and II and downregulation of type I interferon

56
Q

ways in which BHV-1 can be transmitted

A
  • BHV-1 excreted in nasal fluids at a high concentration
  • virus can be transmitted by semen
57
Q

how long can BHV-1 be excreted in nasal fluids

A

10-17 days with a peak at 4-6 days post infetion

58
Q

clinical outcomes of BHV-1

A

respiratory disease
nasal lesions (clusters of grayish, necrotic foci)
reovery in 4-5 days in absence of bacterial pneumonia
abortions at the same time of respiratory disease

58
Q

BHv-2 related diseases

A
  • conjuctivitis
  • infectious balanopostitis IPV
  • infectious vulvovaginitis
  • infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
  • encephalitis
  • mastitis
  • abortion
59
Q

clinical signs of respiratory disease due to BHV-1

A

high fever, conjunctivitis with lacrimal discharge, anorexia, coughing, excessive salivation, nasal discharge, inflamed nares, dypsnea

60
Q

how long is the incubation period for respiratory and genital forms of BHV-1 infection

A

2-6 days

61
Q

how long post infection of BHV-1 can abortions be seen

A

100 days

62
Q

describe the morbitity and mortality of BHV-1 infection

A

mortality: up to 10%
morbidity: up to 100%

63
Q

clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A
  • serous rhinitis with hyperemia and edema of mucosa
  • lesions that extend to trachea and sinus if complicated with secondary bacterial infections
  • copious nasal excretion
  • mucosa in sinuses develop catarrhal purulent exudate
  • purulent inflammation of larynx and trachea (associated with edema and hemorrhage of trachea)
64
Q

is pneumonia part of the primary disease of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

pneumonia is a complication and not part of the primary disease

65
Q

is bovine infectious rhinotracheitis an upper or lower respiratory airway disease

A

upper rep. disease only

66
Q

describe the stability of BHV-1 in the environment

A
  • resistant to environemtnal influences (at 4*c stable for one month)
  • can survive 1 year in frozen semen in liquid nitrogen
  • enveloped virus: sensitive to organic solvents (etc. chloroform, ether, acetone)
67
Q

are there vaccines available for bovine herpes virus

A

lots of vaccines available (killed, modified live, intranasal) –> indication of problem

68
Q

why can you not vaccinate cattle younger than 6 months old

A

because there is interference with maternal antibodies. can infect younger than this but you cannot vaccinate

69
Q

what is the purpose of a marker vaccine. which virus are marker vaccines available for?

A

marker vaccines allow you to distinguish between wild type infected versus vaccinated individuals. if you have all proteins, you know that the individual is wild-type infected, versus the vaccine is missing some proteins from the virus which makes it incompetent

70
Q

what is important to remember about herpes virus vaccines

A

all herpes virus vaccines dont work well:
- dont block infection 100%, can still have some viral transmission and replication but is slower and has a smaller outbreak
- can compartmentalize based on vaccine status and stop transmission between herds

71
Q

what 2 viruses and 2 bacteria and 1 parasite make up to complex for scours

A
  • bovine corona virus
  • bovine rotavirus
    -e.coli
  • salmonella
  • coccidiosis (cryptosporidium)
72
Q

genus and family of rotavirus

A

genus: rotavirus
family: reoviridae

73
Q

what kind of genome and virus is rotavirus

A

segmented genome, no envelop, multilayered capsid

74
Q

out of the 7 serogroups for rotavirus, whicsh is the major cause of infection in domestic animals

A

a - G: A is the major cause of rotaviral infection

75
Q

how does rotavirus undergo genetic reassortment

A

co-infection of cells with different rotavirus strains belonging to the same serogroup (A,B,C) undergo mixing of genome segments

76
Q

clinical signs of BRV

A
  • diarrhea in calves 1-2 weeks of age
  • peracute diarrhea cu
77
Q

incubation period for BRV

A

1-2 days (very short)

78
Q

when is BRV shed

A

5-7 days

79
Q

how is BRV shed

A

feces, contaminate environement (no envelope, resistant)

80
Q

where does BRV replicate

A

replicates in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of small intestinal villi

81
Q

how does BRV cause Maldigestive/malabsorbtive diarrhea

A
  • destruction of mature enterocytes in villi –> altered metabolism, malabsorptive or osmotic diarrhea)
  • activation of enteric nervous system by vasoactive components from damaged cells (increases intestinal motility + secretory diarrhea)
  • secretion of viral enterotoxin
  • increases concentration of intracellular calcium –> raises paracellular permeability
  • kills host cells: malabsorbtive or osmotic diarrhoea

VETM 422: Virology (20 decks)

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