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VETM 422: Virology > canine viral diseases 2 - Tesse > Flashcards

canine viral diseases 2 - Tesse Flashcards

1
Q

Distemper is part of what family

A

Paramyxoviridae

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2
Q

What are the main species that canine distemper affects?

A

Canidae and large Felidae

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3
Q

what is the classification of Distemper

A

ssRNA (-)

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4
Q

How long can distemper stay in the animals body

A

60 days

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5
Q

what types of animal materials contain CDV

A

respiratory and ocular fluids and other exudates (urine, feces, skin)

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6
Q

What determines the severity of clinical illness with CDV

A

antibody response

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7
Q

If an animal has inadequate host immunity, what part of the body will be invaded (Distemper)

A

all epithelial tissues and CNS

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8
Q

t/f adequate host immunity will prevent the virus from entering the CNS (distemper)

A

false. it may still enter the CNS, but the prevalence of CNS signs is lower

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9
Q

what are acute signs of CDV

A

conjunctivitis
fever
anorexia
vomiting
diarrhea

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10
Q

what are chronic signs of CDV

A

ataxia
tremors
myoclonus
seizures
moribund -> death

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11
Q

what is the pathogenesis of CNS clinical signs of CDV

A

aerosol -> replication in oral pharynx -> cells associated viremia in lymphocytes -> CNS -> demyelinating encephalitis, axonal injury, plasmacytic/lymphocytic infiltrates.

Results: seizures, myoclonus, old dog encephalitis, hard pad disease, death

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12
Q

what is the prevalence of neurological disease in CDV

A

30% of canines and almost all wild carnivores

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13
Q

what percentage of CDV infections in domestic dogs are subclinical

A

50-70%

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14
Q

what causes the biphasic fever that occurs at 3-4 days and then 14 days in dogs with CDV

A

lymphocytic viremia

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15
Q

what is enamel hypoplasia

A

direct viral infection and destruction of ameloblasts that produce enamel by CDV . occurs in dogs <6 mo of age

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16
Q

what is hard pad disease

A

hyperkeratosis of foot pads caused by CDV. this is due to CDV’s tropism for epithelial cells, their persistnece in and proliferation of keratinocytes

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17
Q

What histological findings are present once CDV is disseminated by the CSF

A

perivascular cuffing, inclusion bodies (mainly intracytoplasmic) and demyelination

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18
Q

some examples of CDV presentation in wildlife

A

suppurative conjunctivitis, syncytia/intracytoplasmic inclusions in the conjunctiva, and the brain

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19
Q

how is CDV diagnosed

A

molecular assays, serological assays, virus isolation and neutralization assay, pathological examination

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20
Q

what types of vaccines are available for CDV

A

attenuated and modified virus vx, recombinant canarypox vectored vx, inactivated vaccine

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21
Q

what are pros of attenuated and modified CDV vx

A

long lasting

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22
Q

what are cons of attenuated and modified CDV vx

A

reversion to virulent virus possible

not for immunosuppressed and pregnant dogs, or non-canine species

can be fatal to european minks and ferrets

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23
Q

what are pros of canarypox vx for CDV

A

licensed for ferrets, use for zoo and park suseptible animals recommended

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24
Q

what are cons of canarypox vx for CDV

A

does not prevent infection, but protects against CD

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25
Q

what are characteristics of inactivated vx for CDV

A

does not prevent infection but protects against CD

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26
Q

what species are resistant to rabies

A

birds, reptiles, amphibians

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27
Q

what is the classifcation of rabies

A
  • ss RNA, enveloped
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28
Q

What mammals are susceptible to rabies

A

all of them

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29
Q

What family does rabies belong to

A

rhabdoviridae

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30
Q

where is the only place on earth free of rabies

A

New Zealand

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31
Q

what are the reservoirs of rabies in canada

A

fox, bats, skunks and raccoons

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32
Q

what are the main reservoirs of rabies in alberta

A

bats followed by skunks and then cats.

33
Q

what are the main reservoirs of rabies in ontario

A

foxes raccoons and other animals

34
Q

describe the Rabies transmission cycle

A

canine and wildlife reservoirs can spill into non-reservoir livestock or non-reservoir domestic animals, which can all lead to interactions with the human population (and therefore cause death)

35
Q

what is reservoir transmission of rabies to humans

A

direct transmission from either a canine member or a wildlife member to a human

36
Q

what is a non-reservoir transmission of rabies to humans

A

indirect transmission from one of the reservoirs (wildlife or canine) to humans through a non-reservoir (livestock, domestic animals)

37
Q

what is the mode of transmission of rabies

A

saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and infected neural tissues via cuts in skin, bite wounds, mucous membranes, or aerosols

38
Q

what is the incubation period of rabies

A

days-months

39
Q

how fast can rabies be transported via anterograde transport

A

100 mm per day

40
Q

what is the fatality rate of rabies

A

100%

41
Q

what species get the paralytic form of rabies

A

horses, cattle, bats, and dogs

42
Q

what species get the furious form of rabies

A

cats, dogs

43
Q

what are the histological signs of rabies

A

non-suppurative encephalomyelitis

ganglioneuritis (babes nodules)

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

44
Q

how is rabies diagnosed

A

if rabies is suspected, animal should be quarantined/euthanized, and the head removed for lab shipment on ice. Rabies diagnosis is done by the CFIA. Fresh brain tissue is stained with antibodies, and will be fluorescent if positive.

45
Q

what vx are there for rabies

A

modified-live, recombinant, and inactivated.

46
Q

vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine uses ____ virus as a vector

A

pox

47
Q

what two specific ORAL rabies vx should you know that are available for wildlife?

A

vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus

adenovirus type 5 vector, expressing rabies virus glycoprotein

48
Q

what are the WHO guidelines for rabies control

A

dog movement control and quarantine

mass immunization

stray dog control and registration

notification of suspected cases

49
Q

how many dogs would need to be vaccinated for rabies for herd immunity to occur?

A

70%

50
Q

what are core vaccines

A

vaccines for diseases that are widespread, cause serious illness, and/or highly contagious

51
Q

what are the core vaccines in dogs

A

canine distemper
infectious canine hepatitis
canine parvo
rabies

52
Q

what are non-core vaccines

A

vaccines for diseases that pose particular risk to an individual dog

53
Q

what are the non-core vaccines for dogs

A

bordetellosis
canine parainfluenza
leptospirosis
borreliosis
coronavirus

54
Q

what are the two distinct forms of canine parvovirus (CPV)

A

CPV-2: pathogenic
CPV-1/minute virus: nonpathogenic

55
Q

what determines the host range in CPV?

A

amino acid sequences of the viral capsid

56
Q

who is most susceptible to CPV

A

canids, young unvaccinated puppies, some breeds (doberman, rottweiler, staffies, german shepards), concurrent helminthic, protozoal, and bacterial infections

57
Q

how is CPV transmitted

A

contact with contaminated feces -> fecal oral route

indirectly with fomites

58
Q

How does manifestation of parvovirus differ between canines and porcines

A

canine: lymphopenia, enteritis, neonatal myocarditis

Porcine: reproductive (stillbirth, abortion, fetal death, mummification, infertility)

59
Q

What is the pathogenesis of CPV in utero

A

fetus -> myocarditis to either sudden death or congestive heart failure causing death after the puppy is born

60
Q

what is the pathogenesis of CPV in neonates

A
61
Q

what is the pathogenesis of CPV postnatally

A
62
Q

t/f: severity of CPV is not dose related

A

false. many older dogs or pups that receive low viral doses will be asymptomatic since the infection is highly dose related

63
Q

what are clinical signs associated with CPV

A

diarrhea, dehydration and profound weight loss

hemorrhagic intestinal serosal surface

64
Q

t/f: unlike most other DNA viruses, parvoviruses are unable to switch on DNA syntehsis in host cells. THus, in order for viral replication to occur, the infected cells must be actively dividing

A

true

65
Q

why does CPV lead to crypt necrosis

A

parvoviruses need to replicate in cells that actively divide. Therefore they target crypt cells and cause necrosis

66
Q

how is CPV diagnosed

A

foul smelling, bloody diarrhea in pups

Electromicroscopy of fecal material

immunochromatography

PCR

67
Q

how is CPV prevented

A

vaccination (can be multivalent with distemper, adenovirus, lepto, rabies)

68
Q

what level of titer is required to be protected against CPV

A

> 1:40

69
Q

the maternal antibody for CPV has a half life of:

A

9-10 days

70
Q

when should you vaccinate for CPV

A

from 9 weeks to 16-20 weeks, 2-3 weeks apart.

71
Q

When is the window of susceptibility for CPV

A

ages 9-12 weeks, because maternal antibodies have dropped below a level needed for protection, and the puppies own antibodies have not yet reached the level needed for protection

72
Q

what type of virus is a canine coronavirus (CCoV)

A

+ ssRNA, enveloped

73
Q

what are the clinical signs of pantropic CCoV

A

fever, lethargy, hemorrhagic diarrhea, severe lymphopenia, neurological signs

74
Q

transmission of enteric CCoV

A

highly contagious. incubation period is 1-3 days. infected dogs shed for 6-9 days, but can shed up to 6 months. Fecal oral.

75
Q

what is the pathogenesis of enteric CCoV

A

targets mature enterocytes on the villi of the intestine. the tip epithelium is replaced by non-functional low columnar to cuboidal epithelium, rendering them nonfunctional.

leads to fusion of villi, villus atrophy and deepening of the crypts

76
Q

t/f: CPV susceptibility increased with enteric CCoV infection

A

true

77
Q

what are the several co-circulating genotypes of canine distemper based on

A

H - gene variation

78
Q

if host immunity is inadequate (poor antibody response), what will happen to a dog with canine distemper viremia?

A

widespread invasion of all epithelial tissues and CNS. This can either lead to a severe or mild systemic response, depending on the extent of the antibody response. regardess, if the animal survives, it will show CNS signs.

79
Q

if host immunity is adequate (good antibody response) and a dog is infected with canine distemper, what will happen?

A

virus may enter the CNS, but the good antibody response will result in a low chance of CNS signs.

VETM 422: Virology (20 decks)

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