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Animals in society 1 > equine husbandry > Flashcards

equine husbandry Flashcards

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1
Q

explain the progression of equine domestication

A
  • first signs of domestication 3000-3500 BC, meat and milk
  • later changed to transport, agriculture and warfare
  • modern horses now, used for leisure, entertainment and sport
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2
Q

how did domestication come about by co-evolution

A
  • horses fed off agriculture fields
  • protection from predators
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3
Q

indications for the stabling of horses

A
  • active in controlled exercise/work program
  • insufficient land available
  • horses being treated for illness injury
  • horses living in cold climates
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4
Q

what are the 5 requirements for stabling?

A
  • sufficient space to lie down, rise and turn comfortably
  • ease of access- no slopes, door must fully open
  • adequate draining
  • adequate ventilation
  • adequate bedding
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5
Q

what are the minimum sizes of stables?

A

horses: 12ft x 12ft
pony: 10ft x 10ft
foaling box: 14ft x 14ft

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6
Q

what are the different types of stabling?

A
  • individual
  • open stabling- exposed to outdoors, good ventilation, little protection
  • American barns- many stables in a barn, well protected, less ventilation
  • loose/communal barns- groups of horses kept together, must have adequate access to hay, feed and water, space, groups that are compatible. Aggressive horses segregated
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7
Q

What are the factors of suitable bedding?

A
  • warmth
  • protection
  • enable horse to lie down
  • non-toxic
  • absorbent
  • free of excessive dust
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8
Q

what types of bedding are there?

A
  • straw
  • shavings
  • pellets
  • chippings
  • paper
  • rubber mating
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9
Q

what are the requirements of a pasture?

A
  • 1 acre per horse, more if land is poor
  • free from toxic plants e.g ragwort
  • ideal fencing, strong and high to prevent escape, no barbed wire
  • shelter from wind, sun and flies
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10
Q

what is the pasture management programme?

A
  • avoid overgrazing
  • help with worm control
  • maintain good drainage
  • control weeds
  • poaching
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11
Q

what types of pasture fences are there?

A
  • wooden post and rail
  • electric fencing
  • vinyl post and rail
    NO BARBED WIRE
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11
Q

what types of pasture fences are there?

A
  • wooden post and rail
  • electric fencing
  • vinyl post and rail
    NO BARBED WIRE
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12
Q

when are rugs used?

A
  • some horses need it during bad weather, especially less hardy breeds, clipped hores and elderly horses
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13
Q

what is tethering and the risk of it?

A

tethering is securing an animal by a chain to a centre point or anchorage causing it to be confined to a desired area
- not suitable for long-term management
- the risk of the horse becoming tangled or injured
- regular supervision important, at least every 6 hours

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14
Q

what is fly-grazing?

A

the illegal grazing of horses on land where owners have not obtained permission

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15
Q

what does the control of horses act 2015 (england) say?

A

the act gives landowners the ability to remove horses that are being fly-grazed from their land quickly- before they suffer

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16
Q

what does the animal welfare act 2006 say?

A

required you to ensure ay horses/pony/donkey or mule for which you are responsible for:
- has a suitable environment to live in
- a healthy diet
- able to behave normally
- ha appropriate company
- is protected from pain, injury, suffering and disease

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17
Q

what are sterotypies?

A

repetitive behaviours which become fixed in form and orientation

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18
Q

what are the 2 main divisions of stereotypes?

A
  • oral
  • locomotor
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19
Q

what are the consequences of stereotypies?

A
  • weight loss
  • colic
  • injury
  • property damage
  • animal welfare issues
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20
Q

Name 5 sterotypies

A
  • crib biting
  • wind sucking
  • wood chewing
  • weaving
  • box walking
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21
Q

what is crib biting?

A

seizing a fixed object with incisors while lower neck muscle contract to retract the layrnx, air is drawn into oesophagus and swallowed with a grunt noise

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22
Q

what is wind sucking

A
  • similar to crib biting except without grasping a fixed object
  • lower neck muscle contracts to retract the layrnx, air is drawn into oesophagus and swallowed with a grunt noise
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23
Q

what type of feeders are horses?

A

trickle feeders

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24
Q

what is wood chewing

A
  • chewing rails, posts, mangers
25
Q

what is weaving?

A
  • the swaying of horses head laterally
  • usually occurs when the horse is standing with its head over the stable door
26
Q

what is box walking?

A
  • pacing round box
27
Q

what are the causes of stereotypies

A
  • confinement
  • lack of socialisation
  • temperament
  • boredom or over- stimulation
  • sudden changes in routine
    -unnatural feeding schedules
  • insufficient exercise
  • genetic
  • mimicking
28
Q

how can you stop a stereotype?

A
  • block the behavior
  • weaving: anti-weave grill
  • crib-biting/windsucking: anti-crib collar
  • Consider the underlying cause
    -environment
  • management
  • stimulation
  • nutrition
28
Q

how can you stop a stereotype?

A
  • block the behavior
  • weaving: anti-weave grill
  • crib-biting/windsucking: anti-crib collar
  • Consider the underlying cause
    -environment
  • management
  • stimulation
  • nutrition
29
Q

how can you prevent stereotypes?

A
  • provide company
  • minimize confinement
  • small toys and enrichment products
  • provide forage ad lib
  • windows
30
Q

how do horses learn?

A
  • equine learning theory
  • horses are trial and error learners
  • great long term memory
31
Q

talk about the flight or fight response of a horse?

A
  • flight- primary response for horses
  • fight- activated when:
  • flight not possible
  • maternal behavior
  • aggressive stallion
32
Q

what is the system of traditional breaking-in?

A
  • rapidly introduced to equipment and rider
  • allowed to buck and rear until they have exhausted themselves and became accustomed to gear/rider
  • “breaking” the flight response and enforcing their trust
33
Q

what is the system for breaking in horses from domesticated populations?

A
  • training is very gradual
  • foal handled from a young age= imprinting
  • early training includes being led with the mare, halter training and learning to have their feet picked up
  • further training begins at 2-3 years old for sports horses
  • ground based techniques such as lunging and long reining are initially used
  • new equipment introduced gradually
  • eventually the horse is ‘backed’ and taught the riding aids
34
Q

what is natural horsemanship?

A
  • based on the premise of working with horses in tune with their natural social behaviours
  • seen to be ‘kinder’ form of breaking in
  • techniques used at all ages
35
Q

describe through training of racehorses

A
  • racehorses handled prior to the yearling sales
  • broken in at breaking stables at around 18 months
  • the ‘breaking in’ process takes about 3 weeks
  • following braking in they undergo fitness training
  • often racing as 2 year old horses
36
Q

what are the 4 types of restraint?

A
  • head collar
  • bridle
  • chifney
  • twitch
37
Q

what is a twitch?

A
  • a form of restraint
  • causes the release of endorphins that calms the horse
  • acts as a distraction, lasts about 10-15min
  • base of neck or nose
38
Q

what are the daily checks for ill health?

A
  • demeanor and behaviour
  • appetite
  • water intake
  • defecation/urination
  • coat
  • body condition
  • obvious clinical signs e.g lameness

vital signs:
- temperature
- pulse
- respiration

39
Q

what is meant by routine health care plan?

A

management strategies to optimise health and minimise risk of injury, disease and illness

40
Q

what is involved in a routine health care plan?

A
  • parasite control programme
  • vaccination programme
  • foot care
  • shoeing programme
  • dental care
  • fly control in summer months
  • infectious disease- isolation procedures on yard
41
Q

what is involved in the parasite control programme?

A
  • high worm burden can result in:
  • weight loss
  • colic
  • diarrhoea
  • potential death
  • anthelmintics aka wormer administered to treat high worm burdens
  • worm egg counts used to assess worm burdens
42
Q

what is used to assess worm burdens?

A

worm egg counts

43
Q

what methods of control are there in the parasite control programme?

A
  • interval dosing
  • strategic dosing
  • targeted strategic dosing
44
Q

what can you do to help prevent getting parasites? (5)

A
  1. remove faeces from pasture at leat twice weekly
  2. avoid overstocking and overgrazing
  3. rotate grazing with sheep or cattle or rest pastures regularly
  4. avoid moving horses to clean pasture within 2 weeks of worming
  5. muck out stables regularly especially when they contain foals and weanlings
45
Q

describe the vaccination programme

A
  • prevention is ultamitely better than cure
  • control the spread of infectious disease
  • primary course followed by boosters
  • all recorded in horse passport
46
Q

what vaccination is highly recommneded in horses and why are they very susceptible to it?

A

tetanus

  • environemnt they live
  • frequency of injury

bacteria in the soil, can enter through a wound

47
Q

describe equine influenza and equine influenza vaccination

A
  • highly contagious viral disease of the respiratory tract
  • disease can debilitate
  • no direct treatment, only supportive care
  • many governing bodies such as FEI and British horse racing authority have compulsory rules regard vaccination against equine influenza
48
Q

why is foot care so important?

A
  • hooves continue to grow throughout life
  • feet trimmed regularly by competent person (farrier)
  • pay attention to growth and balance
  • if unshod- require careful management and hoof care to ensure they do not become sore on difficult surfaces
49
Q

what is the importance of a shoeing program?

A
  • required if ridden or driven on hard surfaces
  • must be a registered farrier (farriers registration council)
  • hooves trimmed and re-shod every 4-8 weeks as advised by farrier
  • frequency depends on health, nutrition, age, type of work
49
Q

what is the importance of a shoeing program?

A
  • required if ridden or driven on hard surfaces
  • must be a registered farrier (farriers registration council)
  • hooves trimmed and re-shod every 4-8 weeks as advised by farrier
  • frequency depends on health, nutrition, age, type of work
50
Q

what is the importance of dental care?

A
  • teeth continue to grow throughout ife
  • teeth should be inspected by a vet or qualified dental technician at least once a year
  • rasped and treated as necessary to remove any sharp pointed and ensure the horse can eat comfortably
50
Q

what is the importance of dental care?

A
  • teeth continue to grow throughout ife
  • teeth should be inspected by a vet or qualified dental technician at least once a year
  • rasped and treated as necessary to remove any sharp pointed and ensure the horse can eat comfortably
51
Q

what can result in horses with sharp or abnormal teeth?

A

cant chew properly which can result in:
- quidding (half chewed food dropping out of mouth)
- weight los
- difficulty accepting the bit
- dental pain

52
Q

what is the importance of fly control in summer months and how can you prevent?

A
  • causes huge irriation
  • can intoduce infection to wounds
  • allergic skin condition
  • preventative fly and midge control
  • fly rug or fly masks
  • fly repellents
  • midge sensitivity- stable at dawn and dusk
53
Q

what is sweet itch and what does it result in?

A
  • hypersensitivity to bites from culicoides midge
  • mainly affects mane and tail
  • results in pruritis (itchy skin) and self trauma
54
Q

the wellbeing of horses is protected under what act?

A

the animal welfare act 2006

55
Q

what does the Defra code of practice for horse owners provide?

A

practical advice on how tp best look after a horses health and wellbeing

56
Q

what non-governmental organisation can enfore the welfare of all horses where suffering is found?

A

royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (RSPCA)

Animals in society 1 (19 decks)

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