Equine Flashcards
How do you diagnose Anaplasma phagocytophilum
-morulae in neutrophils
CBC: neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
PCR assay
What structures should you feel on the left side during a rectal exam in a horse?
- nephrosplenic space
- kidney
- pelvic flexure
- small colon
SHOULD NOT FEEL CECUM ON LEFT SIDE
A miniature horse with a gas-filled colic.
small colon impaction
Potomac Horse Fever
Neorickettsia risticii
- rivers/streams
- high incidence of laminitis
- sensitive to tetracycline
NSAID induced colitis
right dorsal colitis
-associated with hypoproteinemia
How many permanent teeth do horses have?
40-42
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis-Horses
Pigeon Fever
causes ulcerative lymphangitis
- infection in lower limbs
- chronic abscesses in the pectoral region and ventral abdomen
What are 3 causes of cervical ventroflexion?
- aggressive furosemide treatment
- aldosterone secreting adrenal tumor
- thiamine deficiency
What is the most common neoplasia in the
a. intestine
b. stomach
of the horse?
a. lymphosarcoma
b. squamous cell carcinoma
Buttress foot
extensor process disease
-secondary to excessive strain on the extensor processo f P3 resulting in periostitis
Club foot
secondary to contracture of the distal interphalangeal joint
- steep wall
- shortened toe
horse esophagus
cranial 2/3 is striated
What is the duration of a mare’s estrus?
6 days (5-7 days)
How long is a horse’s estrous cycle?
21 days
When is ovulation in a horse?
-1-2 days prior to the end of estrus
How long is diestrus in the horse?
14-16 days
The first ovulation in horses occurs —days after foaling
9-10 days
What does hairy vetch ingestion cause in horses?
systemic granulomatous disease
What does sorghum ingestion in horses cause?
- myelomalacia of the lower spinal cord –> pelvic limb incoordination
- urine dribbling
What does sudan grass intoxication?
myelomalacia of the spinal cord and neurological signs
What do we see with black locust toxicity in horses?
- weakness and diarrhea
- colic and constipation
- irregular, rapid heart rate
African Horse Sickness
Orvibirus
CS: fever, resp signs, edema
Necropsy: pulmonary edema and hydropericardium
Differentials: anaplasmosis, piroplasmosis, equine viral arteritis, and equine infectious anemia
Gold standard dx for foal sepsis
blood culture
How do you diagnose rhabdomyolysis?
muscle biopsy
What is gold standard dx for strangles?
bacterial culture of nasal exudate or nasal swab
Ionophore toxicity
- myoglobinuria, hypokalemia, arrhythmia
- dyspnea, tachypnea
- lethargy, stiffness
cardiac muscle damage leading to CHF or DCM
Abortion with lepto
sporadic
-autolyzed icteric fetus
What do we see with EHV-1 abortion?
- abortion in the third trimester
- resp disease
- minimal autolysis, lung/liver lesions, intranuclear inclusion bodies
quittor
chronic infection of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx
fungal causes of abortion
- thickened placental
- minimal autolysis
What is the preferred treatment for Strangles?
procaine penicillin
- drain and lavage abscess
- BIOSECURITY
***bute, steroids
Dx: PCR or culture
Equine Viral Arteritis
- *supra- or periorbital edema
- fever, depression, anorexia, leukopenia, nasal discharge, resp distress; vasculitis
- abortion, autolyzed fetuses
Dx: PCR; paired titers take too long
Big 5 of anemia/edema:
PEEBA
- Purpura
- EVA
- EIA
- Babesia
- Anaplasma
4 ways to prevent HyPP
- low-potassium diet (avoid alfalfa, molasses)
- regular exercise
- frequent feedings
- medications to increase renal potassium excretion: acetazolamide, hydrochlorothiazide
What are the 3 things that we see with recurrent episode of tying up in Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy?
- muscle stiffness, fasciculations
- firm muscles
- myoglobinuria
What are 2 ways to prevent PSSM? How do you treat acute cases?
- dietary: low starch and high fat diet
- environmental: daily turnout or exercise
Tx: do not move the horse; NSAIDs, Ace; +/- IV fluids
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB)
**autosomal recessive
foal born normal; seen at 4-5d
CS: ulcer patches and erosions at pressure points; hooves may detach; oral ulcers
***affects melanocytes and intestinal ganglia
CEM: Taylorella equigenitalis
CONTAGIOUS
- transmitted at mating or via unclean instruments
- stallions show no signs of infection
What are the CS of CEM?
- large volume of vaginal discharge 10-14d after mating
- shortened estrus cycle
How do you treat CEM?
Thoroughly clean the penis or vagina with antiseptics and apply antibiotic ointment
villonodular synovitis
- lameness
- fetlock effusion
Herpes vs EPM
Herpes: XANTHOchromic
EPM: neutrophilic pleocytosis
What causes enterocolitis in foals exposed to erythromycin? How do you treat it?
C. difficile
C. perfringens
metronidazole
cyathosomes
L3 ingested and migrate to intestinal walls of the cecum and colon
- diarrhea and dehydration
- hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia
Tx: single oral dose of moxidectin
lead poisoning
dysphagia
roaring
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome
Dummy foals –> hypoxia
Equine Coital Exanthema
EHV-3
At what age should carpus valgus be surgically repaired?
Less than 4 months
Location for caudal epidural for a rectovaginal fistula
S5-Cd1
surgical treatment for stringhalt
lateral digital extensor tenectomy
DDXes for dropped elbow and inability to flex carpus in extension
- ulna/olecranon fracture
- radial nerve paralysis
- humeral fracture
DDSP sx
laryngeal advancement (tie forward)
tx for contracture in young foal
high dose oxytet IV
Blister Beetle Toxicity (cantharidin)
-in alfalfa
CS: hematuria, dark MM, submerging the muzzle in water, frequent attempts to drink small amounts of water
thoroughpins
tarsus
bog spavin
tibiotarsal joint
windpuffs
fetlock
