Bovine Flashcards
What are the 6 main forms of IBR?
- respiratory
- ocular
- abortion
- encephalitis
- infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
- generalized neonatal infection
**no effective treatment; prevent secondary bacterial infections
What is the treatment for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis?
oxytetracycline
-vaccinate
When do IBR abortions usually occur?
5-6 months
How do you treat ketosis?
- oral propylene glycol
- IV glucose
- corticosteroids
- insulin
What is the threshold for infection for mastitis?
20,000 cells/mL
What 4 pathogens do we see with contagious mastitis?
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Corynebacterium bovis (minor)
- Mycoplasma: highly contagious once in mammary gland
What are the pathogens for environmental mastitis?
Coliform, S uberis
How do you diagnose BVDV?
Antigen detection
- fluorescent antibody
- immunohistochemistry
- antigen capture ELISA
MCF vs BVD
MCF has greater lymph node enlargement and bilateral corneal opacity
What are the predisposing factors for gastric ulcers? (4)
- catecholamine release
- decreased mucosal blood flow (NSAIDs, shock)
- sepsis (gram neg bacteria)
- increased gastrin and/or histamine release
How do you treat a perforating ulcer with localized adhesions and peritonitis?
Discontinue NSAIDs and administer antibiotics
What are some other treatments for abomasal ulcers?
- discontinue NSAIDs
- H2 antagonists
- bland fiber diet (hay)
- blood transfusion if bleeding
What two viruses is blue tongue closely related to?
- Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus of deer
2. African Horse Sickness virus
How do you diagnose blue tongue? (3 tests)
- Competitive ELISA
- AGID
- PCR
Normal calf behavior: standing, nursing, suckling
Suckling reflex: 2-20 minutes
Standing in 1-3 hours
Nursing in 1-4 hours
Most nonspecific calf diarrhea occurs at —?
7-15 days of age
What defines mild, moderate, and severe dehydration?
mild: 4-5%
moderate: 8-9%
severe: 10-12%
At what level of dehydration does death occur?
15-16%
What are maintenance fluid rates in a cow (calf diarrhea power lecture)?
40-80 mL/kg/day
What is the best oral alkalinizing agent?
Acetate
- does not affect milk digestion
- slightly slower than bicarb at correcting metabolic acidosis
How do you calculate the amount of alkalinizing agent to give a calf?
BW x base deficit x 0.6
mEq
How fast should IV fluids be given? What about shock dose?
SLOWER IS BETTER
5-10 mL/kg
10-20 mL/kg for shock
Listeriosis
- microabscesses in brain stem
- cranial nerve deficits (asymmetric)
What are some drugs that we can use to treat listeriosis?
- amoxicillin
- oxytetracycline
- procaine penicillin G
Polioencephalomalacia
cerebrocortical necrosis
-altered thiamine metabolism
what are 6 causes of polioencephalomalacia?
- bracken fern poisoning
- salt intoxication
- lead poisoning
- lactic acidosis/grain overload
- amprolium intoxication
- sulfur intoxication
What do we see on CSF if a cow has listeriosis?
- increase in protein
2. increase in monocytes
Where do you hear a cecal dilation ping?
upper right from the last rib to the hip
What is the average duration of estrus in a cow? How long are they receptive?
12-18 hours
-receptive up to 50 hours
At what age during gestation is a fetus most likely to become persistently infected with the noncytopathic form of bovine viral diarrhea?
Fetus infected before 125 days of gestation
What is the growth medium of choice for Mycoplasma bovis?
Hayflick’s agar
Mucosal Disease
5-month old calf which was persistently infected as a fetus with a non cytopathic (nonCPE) biotype of BVD virus is superinfected with a cytopathic (CPE) biotype of BVD due to rearranging of the parent non-CPE viral RNA
Age for Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis
2-5 years of age
3 conditions that predispose a cow to metritis
- Dystocia
- Over feeding in dry period
- Ca-P imbalance in feed
Dates for slip, placentomes, and fremitus
S: 30-35d
P: 70-75d
F: 120-150d
How do you diagnose Bovine Leukemia Virus?
ELISA
Campylobacter fetus ssp venerealis
- great variation in gestation, low preg rates
- mucopurulent endometritis; males don’t show CS
Dx: VMAT, ELISA
Tx: streptomycin; AI
Brucellosis tags
R ear in HEIFER calves
DOCUMENTATION
What do we see with lepto abortions
diffuse placentitis: avascular light tan cotyledons and edematous, yellowish intercotyledonary areas
abortion with brucella
intercodylenary area is focally thickened with a wet leathery appearance
-cotyledons can be normal to necrotic and red or yellow
mycotic abortion
- leathery intercodylenary areas
- severe and necrotizing placentitis
- enlarged necrotic cotyledons with turned in margins
- *abortions from 4 mos to term
Trueperella pyogenes
- diffuse endometritis and placentitis that is reddish brown to brown
- autolyzed fetus with fibrinous pericarditis, pleuritis or peritonitis
Trichomonas abortion
-hemorrhagic cotyledons and flocculant exudate
listeria abortion
white necrotic foci in liver and/or cotyledons
Which bacteria would you see with endocarditis?
Trueperella pyogenes
What are 7 things that can can predispose a cow to retained fetal membranes?
- dystocia
- short gestation or longer gestation
- male calves or twins
- older cows
- hypocalcemia
- induction with dexamethasone
- uterine torsion, placentits
