Epidemiology: Testing Flashcards
(Specificity/Sensitivity) has a greater effect on the predictive value of a test for infrequent diseases.
Specificity
A negative highly sensitive test is valuable for ruling (out/in) the possibility of disease.
Out
Individuals who test positive, but in reality are disease free, are considered to be (false/true) positives.
False
When the distribution curve for a test is narrow, it indicates good (reliability/validity) .
Reliability
Variability in an individual over time is known as (intra/inter) subject variation.
Intra
False (positive/negative) tests are associated with higher costs because they need to be repeated for confirmation.
Positive
The (sensitivity/specificity) of a test refers to the ability to correctly identify individuals who have the disease.
Sensitivity
The (negative/positive) predictive value is defined as the proportion of individuals with a positive screening test who actually have the disease.
Positive
A highly (sensitive/specific) test is used for confirmation after a positive screening test.
Specific
The (negative/positive) predictive value is defined as the proportion of individuals with a negative screening test who do not have the disease.
Negative
The statistic measures the extent by which two observers agree on a test result exceeding that of chance alone.
Kappa
High sensitivity tests are used for diseases that have (high/low) prevalence.
Low
Positive predictive value varies (directly/inversely) with pretest probability.
Directly
Positive predictive value varies (directly/inversely) with pretest probability.
Sequential
If the specificity of a test increases, the positive predictive value (increases/decreases) .
Increases
If the specificity of a test increases, the positive predictive value (increases/decreases) .
Inversely
If the specificity of a test increases, the positive predictive value (increases/decreases) .
Higher
If the specificity of a test increases, the positive predictive value (increases/decreases) .
True
The (sensitivity/specificity) of a test refers to the ability to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease.
Specificity
Predictive value increases when diseases with (low/high) prevalence begin to become even more prevalent.
Low
An increase in sensitivity leads to a (high/low) false-negative rate.
Low
The goal of (one/two) -stage screening is to reduce the issue of false positives.
Two-stage
When a cluster of test results is not centered around the true value, the test is not (valid/reliable) .
Valid
If the sensitivity of a test increases, the (negative/positive) predictive value increases.
Negative
The subjective nature of reading test results by different clinicians is known as (intra/inter) observer variation.
Inter
(Sequential/Simultaneous) screening involves the use of a less invasive test before a more invasive one.
Sequential
The (reliability/validity) of a test is a measure of its reproducibility.
Reliability
In (sequential/simultaneous) testing, there is a gain in net sensitivity because a positive on any test is considered positive.
Simultaneous
If a test is adjusted so that sensitivity is increased, specificity will subsequently be (increased/decreased) .
Decreased
An example of (intra/inter) observer variation is when a single clinician deciphers the same test differently at multiple time points throughout the day.
Intra
The (reliability/validity) of a test refers to its ability to distinguish between those who have a disease and those who do not.
Validity
