Epidemiology: Measurements

Question 1

A Life Year is neither a measure of mortality or morbidity, but incorporates both of them to calculate the burden of disease.

Answer 1

Disability-adjusted

Question 2

In order to compare the absolute risk between multiple groups, you can use the .

Answer 2

Relative risk or risk ratio

Question 3

When calculating attributable risk, the risk of disease in the non-exposed group (is/is not) typically zero.

Answer 3

Is not

Question 4

Odds ratio can give an estimation of when incidence is not available.

Answer 4

Relative risk

Question 5

Attributable risk is typically calculated from (prospective/retrospective) data.

Answer 5

Prospective

Question 6

The Life Year is an index that accounts for years of life lost due to premature death and disability over a specific time span.

Answer 6

Disability-adjusted

Question 7

The rate of death from stomach cancer has (inclined/declined) declined since 1930.

Answer 7

Declined

Question 8

The is the number of events in a group / individuals in that group

Answer 8

Absolute risk

Question 9

As therapy improves it is expected that case-fatality will (decline/incline)

Answer 9

Decline

Question 10

The odds ratio is used in (case-control/cohort) studies.

Answer 10

Case-control

Question 11

The attributable risk proportion is the incidence of disease in the exposed group subtracted from the incidence of disease in the non-exposed group divided by the incidence in the (exposed/non-exposed) group.

Answer 11

Exposed

Question 12

Direct standardization is used in order to be able to summary indices between two different populations.

Answer 12

Compare

Question 13

In indirect standardization, a or standard population is used to determine a standardized mortality ratio.

Answer 13

Reference

Question 14

Besides mortality rates, -of-life measurements are used when allotting scarce medical resources.

Answer 14

Quality

Question 15

___________ is defined as the percentage of people with a disease who die in a certain time frame.

Answer 15

Case-fatality

Question 16

(Prevalence/Incidence) is the total number of cases of a disease divided by the total population.

Answer 16

Prevalence

Question 17

To compare different characteristics in a population, ____________ for the characteristic responsible for differences is needed.

Answer 17

Standardisation

Question 18

To find the “number needed to treat,” the equation is:

Answer 18

1/ARR (1 over Absolute risk reduction)

Question 19

Mortality must be dealt with in (rates/numbers) in order to address risk.

Answer 19

Rates

Question 20

The attributable risk is the incidence in a non-exposed group of people subtracted from incidence in the total population.

Answer 20

Population

Question 21

When a restriction factor is applied to the mortality rate, it is referred to as a rate.

Answer 21

Specific

Question 22

A Disability-Adjusted Life Year is a measure index that equates to (number) lost year(s) of life.

Answer 22

One

Question 23

Direct standardization is (unreliable/reliable) with small numbers.

Answer 23

Unreliable

Question 24

The odds ratio is used in (prospective/retrospective) studies.

Answer 24

Retrospective

Question 25

The odds ratio can be calculated by dividing the disease due to past exposure by the (control/disease) in a group without past exposure.

Answer 25

Disease

Question 26

The weighted value applied in direct standardization (does/does not) have units.

Answer 26

Does not

Question 27

-of-life is an important measurement to consider in individuals living with chronic disease.

Answer 27

Quality

Question 28

The relative risk can only be calculated when we have information about during a time period.

Answer 28

Incidence

Question 29

The population in the denominator of the mortality rate equation is calculated at (year-end/mid-year) to obtain an approximation.

Answer 29

Mid-year

Question 30

(Prevalence/Incidence) is an indicator of how widespread a disease is.

Answer 30

Prevalence

Question 31

The most dramatic increase in death in the last 80 years is from cancer.

Answer 31

Lung

Question 32

The mortality rate is calculated by dividing total number of deaths from the number of deaths from a particular disease.

Answer 32

Proportionate

Question 33

The mortality rate from prostate cancer has (risen/declined) since 1990.

Answer 33

Declined

Question 34

If the proportionate mortality increases for one disease, it will necessitate a(n) (increase/decrease) in proportionate mortality for another disease.

Answer 34

Decrease

Question 35

A mortality ratio is determined by dividing the number of observed deaths in the population of interest by the number of expected deaths based on a reference population.

Answer 35

Standardised

Question 36

(Attributable/Relative/Absolute) risk is defined as the incidence of disease in an exposed group of individuals that could be decreased if the exposure was eliminated.

Answer 36

Attributable

Question 37

(Prevalence/Incidence) is the number of new cases of a disease during a certain period of time divided by the number of people at risk in the population.

Answer 37

Incidence

Question 38

The is a value representing the odds that exposure to a risk factor lead to disease compared to disease occurring without that exposure.

Answer 38

Odds ratio

Question 39

Attributable risk is most often used in studies, in which groups of individuals with defining characteristics are followed over a period of time.

Answer 39

Cohort

Question 40

_____________ risk is the difference between the incidence rates in exposed and non-exposed cohorts.

Answer 40

Attributable

Question 41

It is necessary to have a population when applying a standardization value.

Answer 41

Reference

Question 42

(Prevalence/Incidence) is more useful when assessing short-term disease.

Answer 42

Incidence

Question 43

Cancer is the leading cause of death for people (younger/older) than 85.

Answer 43

Younger

Question 44

For direct standardization to be reliable, there needs to be a consistent (association/relationship) between all strata in comparison.

Answer 44

Relationship

Question 45

Most of the leading causes of disability in 1990 were due to ______________ illnesses.

Answer 45

Psychiatric

Question 46

If the mortality rate is limited to a certain disease, it is known as a rate.

Answer 46

Disease-specific rate

Question 47

The equation of ____________ = ad/bc.

Answer 47

Odds ratio

Question 48

______ compare the probability of an outcome occurring with the probability of an outcome not occurring

Answer 48

Odds

Question 49

Uterine cancer mortality has (decreased/increased) since 1930.

Answer 49

Decreased

Question 50

The (numerator/denominator) of case-fatality rate includes those who have died after being diagnosed with the specific disease that is being evaluated.

Answer 50

Numerator

Question 51

The is the number of times an outcome happened divided by the number of times the outcome could have happened.

Answer 51

Probability

Question 52

(Prevalence/Incidence) is more useful when assessing chronic disease.

Answer 52

Prevalence

Question 53

The of disease index is a measurement that combines the impacts of deaths, premature deaths, and disability on a population.

Answer 53

Burden

Question 54

By 2020, the burden of (communicable/noncommunicable) ____________ diseases is expected to increase.

Answer 54

Noncommunicable

Question 55

When (prevalence/incidence) is high, the positive predictive value is high and the negative predictive value is low.

Answer 55

Prevalence

Question 56

A directly standardized rate is a weighted .

Answer 56

Average

Question 57

When calculating attributable risk, the risk of disease in the non-exposed group is termed risk.

Answer 57

Background

Question 58

(Prevalence/Incidence) is an indicator of the risk of contracting a disease.

Answer 58

Incidence

Question 59

The definition of (attributable/relative/absolute) risk is the difference between incidence of disease due to a risk factor and incidence of disease in the face of no risk factors.

Answer 59

Attributable

Question 60

Death from lung cancer is (greater/less) than death from breast cancer in women.

Answer 60

Greater

Question 61

An mortality rate is determined by multiplying a standardized mortality ratio by the crude death rate of the reference population.

Answer 61

Adjusted

Question 62

Proportionate mortality rate is (able/not able) to elucidate the risk of death.

Answer 62

Not able

Question 63

To find the absolute risk reduction between group A and group B, you can use the equation_________________.

Answer 63

risk in group B minus risk in group A

Question 64

The denominator in (case-fatality rate/mortality rate) is limited to individuals who already have the disease.

Answer 64

Case-fatality rate

Question 65

When specific mortality rates for two or more populations are not known, (direct/indirect) standardization methods must be used to calculate standardized rates.

Answer 65

Indirect

Question 66

Another name for risk difference in absolute terms .

Answer 66

Absolute risk reduction

Question 67

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people (younger/older) than 85.

Answer 67

Older than