Epidemiology: Measurements Flashcards
A Life Year is neither a measure of mortality or morbidity, but incorporates both of them to calculate the burden of disease.
Disability-adjusted
In order to compare the absolute risk between multiple groups, you can use the .
Relative risk or risk ratio
When calculating attributable risk, the risk of disease in the non-exposed group (is/is not) typically zero.
Is not
Odds ratio can give an estimation of when incidence is not available.
Relative risk
Attributable risk is typically calculated from (prospective/retrospective) data.
Prospective
The Life Year is an index that accounts for years of life lost due to premature death and disability over a specific time span.
Disability-adjusted
The rate of death from stomach cancer has (inclined/declined) declined since 1930.
Declined
The is the number of events in a group / individuals in that group
Absolute risk
As therapy improves it is expected that case-fatality will (decline/incline)
Decline
The odds ratio is used in (case-control/cohort) studies.
Case-control
The attributable risk proportion is the incidence of disease in the exposed group subtracted from the incidence of disease in the non-exposed group divided by the incidence in the (exposed/non-exposed) group.
Exposed
Direct standardization is used in order to be able to summary indices between two different populations.
Compare
In indirect standardization, a or standard population is used to determine a standardized mortality ratio.
Reference
Besides mortality rates, -of-life measurements are used when allotting scarce medical resources.
Quality
___________ is defined as the percentage of people with a disease who die in a certain time frame.
Case-fatality
(Prevalence/Incidence) is the total number of cases of a disease divided by the total population.
Prevalence
To compare different characteristics in a population, ____________ for the characteristic responsible for differences is needed.
Standardisation
To find the “number needed to treat,” the equation is:
1/ARR (1 over Absolute risk reduction)
Mortality must be dealt with in (rates/numbers) in order to address risk.
Rates
The attributable risk is the incidence in a non-exposed group of people subtracted from incidence in the total population.
Population
When a restriction factor is applied to the mortality rate, it is referred to as a rate.
Specific
A Disability-Adjusted Life Year is a measure index that equates to (number) lost year(s) of life.
One
Direct standardization is (unreliable/reliable) with small numbers.
Unreliable
The odds ratio is used in (prospective/retrospective) studies.
Retrospective
The odds ratio can be calculated by dividing the disease due to past exposure by the (control/disease) in a group without past exposure.
Disease
The weighted value applied in direct standardization (does/does not) have units.
Does not