Epidemiology: Measurements Flashcards
A Life Year is neither a measure of mortality or morbidity, but incorporates both of them to calculate the burden of disease.
Disability-adjusted
In order to compare the absolute risk between multiple groups, you can use the .
Relative risk or risk ratio
When calculating attributable risk, the risk of disease in the non-exposed group (is/is not) typically zero.
Is not
Odds ratio can give an estimation of when incidence is not available.
Relative risk
Attributable risk is typically calculated from (prospective/retrospective) data.
Prospective
The Life Year is an index that accounts for years of life lost due to premature death and disability over a specific time span.
Disability-adjusted
The rate of death from stomach cancer has (inclined/declined) declined since 1930.
Declined
The is the number of events in a group / individuals in that group
Absolute risk
As therapy improves it is expected that case-fatality will (decline/incline)
Decline
The odds ratio is used in (case-control/cohort) studies.
Case-control
The attributable risk proportion is the incidence of disease in the exposed group subtracted from the incidence of disease in the non-exposed group divided by the incidence in the (exposed/non-exposed) group.
Exposed
Direct standardization is used in order to be able to summary indices between two different populations.
Compare
In indirect standardization, a or standard population is used to determine a standardized mortality ratio.
Reference
Besides mortality rates, -of-life measurements are used when allotting scarce medical resources.
Quality
___________ is defined as the percentage of people with a disease who die in a certain time frame.
Case-fatality
(Prevalence/Incidence) is the total number of cases of a disease divided by the total population.
Prevalence
To compare different characteristics in a population, ____________ for the characteristic responsible for differences is needed.
Standardisation
To find the “number needed to treat,” the equation is:
1/ARR (1 over Absolute risk reduction)
Mortality must be dealt with in (rates/numbers) in order to address risk.
Rates
The attributable risk is the incidence in a non-exposed group of people subtracted from incidence in the total population.
Population
When a restriction factor is applied to the mortality rate, it is referred to as a rate.
Specific
A Disability-Adjusted Life Year is a measure index that equates to (number) lost year(s) of life.
One
Direct standardization is (unreliable/reliable) with small numbers.
Unreliable
The odds ratio is used in (prospective/retrospective) studies.
Retrospective
The odds ratio can be calculated by dividing the disease due to past exposure by the (control/disease) in a group without past exposure.
Disease
The weighted value applied in direct standardization (does/does not) have units.
Does not
-of-life is an important measurement to consider in individuals living with chronic disease.
Quality
The relative risk can only be calculated when we have information about during a time period.
Incidence
The population in the denominator of the mortality rate equation is calculated at (year-end/mid-year) to obtain an approximation.
Mid-year
(Prevalence/Incidence) is an indicator of how widespread a disease is.
Prevalence
The most dramatic increase in death in the last 80 years is from cancer.
Lung
The mortality rate is calculated by dividing total number of deaths from the number of deaths from a particular disease.
Proportionate
The mortality rate from prostate cancer has (risen/declined) since 1990.
Declined
If the proportionate mortality increases for one disease, it will necessitate a(n) (increase/decrease) in proportionate mortality for another disease.
Decrease
A mortality ratio is determined by dividing the number of observed deaths in the population of interest by the number of expected deaths based on a reference population.
Standardised
(Attributable/Relative/Absolute) risk is defined as the incidence of disease in an exposed group of individuals that could be decreased if the exposure was eliminated.
Attributable
(Prevalence/Incidence) is the number of new cases of a disease during a certain period of time divided by the number of people at risk in the population.
Incidence
The is a value representing the odds that exposure to a risk factor lead to disease compared to disease occurring without that exposure.
Odds ratio
Attributable risk is most often used in studies, in which groups of individuals with defining characteristics are followed over a period of time.
Cohort
_____________ risk is the difference between the incidence rates in exposed and non-exposed cohorts.
Attributable
It is necessary to have a population when applying a standardization value.
Reference
(Prevalence/Incidence) is more useful when assessing short-term disease.
Incidence
Cancer is the leading cause of death for people (younger/older) than 85.
Younger
For direct standardization to be reliable, there needs to be a consistent (association/relationship) between all strata in comparison.
Relationship
Most of the leading causes of disability in 1990 were due to ______________ illnesses.
Psychiatric
If the mortality rate is limited to a certain disease, it is known as a rate.
Disease-specific rate
The equation of ____________ = ad/bc.
Odds ratio
______ compare the probability of an outcome occurring with the probability of an outcome not occurring
Odds
Uterine cancer mortality has (decreased/increased) since 1930.
Decreased
The (numerator/denominator) of case-fatality rate includes those who have died after being diagnosed with the specific disease that is being evaluated.
Numerator
The is the number of times an outcome happened divided by the number of times the outcome could have happened.
Probability
(Prevalence/Incidence) is more useful when assessing chronic disease.
Prevalence
The of disease index is a measurement that combines the impacts of deaths, premature deaths, and disability on a population.
Burden
By 2020, the burden of (communicable/noncommunicable) ____________ diseases is expected to increase.
Noncommunicable
When (prevalence/incidence) is high, the positive predictive value is high and the negative predictive value is low.
Prevalence
A directly standardized rate is a weighted .
Average
When calculating attributable risk, the risk of disease in the non-exposed group is termed risk.
Background
(Prevalence/Incidence) is an indicator of the risk of contracting a disease.
Incidence
The definition of (attributable/relative/absolute) risk is the difference between incidence of disease due to a risk factor and incidence of disease in the face of no risk factors.
Attributable
Death from lung cancer is (greater/less) than death from breast cancer in women.
Greater
An mortality rate is determined by multiplying a standardized mortality ratio by the crude death rate of the reference population.
Adjusted
Proportionate mortality rate is (able/not able) to elucidate the risk of death.
Not able
To find the absolute risk reduction between group A and group B, you can use the equation_________________.
risk in group B minus risk in group A
The denominator in (case-fatality rate/mortality rate) is limited to individuals who already have the disease.
Case-fatality rate
When specific mortality rates for two or more populations are not known, (direct/indirect) standardization methods must be used to calculate standardized rates.
Indirect
Another name for risk difference in absolute terms .
Absolute risk reduction
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people (younger/older) than 85.
Older than
