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Biostatistics And Epidemiology > Epidemiology: Measurements > Flashcards

Epidemiology: Measurements Flashcards

1
Q

A Life Year is neither a measure of mortality or morbidity, but incorporates both of them to calculate the burden of disease.

A

Disability-adjusted

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2
Q

In order to compare the absolute risk between multiple groups, you can use the .

A

Relative risk or risk ratio

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3
Q

When calculating attributable risk, the risk of disease in the non-exposed group (is/is not) typically zero.

A

Is not

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4
Q

Odds ratio can give an estimation of when incidence is not available.

A

Relative risk

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5
Q

Attributable risk is typically calculated from (prospective/retrospective) data.

A

Prospective

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6
Q

The Life Year is an index that accounts for years of life lost due to premature death and disability over a specific time span.

A

Disability-adjusted

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7
Q

The rate of death from stomach cancer has (inclined/declined) declined since 1930.

A

Declined

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8
Q

The is the number of events in a group / individuals in that group

A

Absolute risk

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9
Q

As therapy improves it is expected that case-fatality will (decline/incline)

A

Decline

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10
Q

The odds ratio is used in (case-control/cohort) studies.

A

Case-control

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11
Q

The attributable risk proportion is the incidence of disease in the exposed group subtracted from the incidence of disease in the non-exposed group divided by the incidence in the (exposed/non-exposed) group.

A

Exposed

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12
Q

Direct standardization is used in order to be able to summary indices between two different populations.

A

Compare

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13
Q

In indirect standardization, a or standard population is used to determine a standardized mortality ratio.

A

Reference

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14
Q

Besides mortality rates, -of-life measurements are used when allotting scarce medical resources.

A

Quality

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15
Q

___________ is defined as the percentage of people with a disease who die in a certain time frame.

A

Case-fatality

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16
Q

(Prevalence/Incidence) is the total number of cases of a disease divided by the total population.

A

Prevalence

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17
Q

To compare different characteristics in a population, ____________ for the characteristic responsible for differences is needed.

A

Standardisation

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18
Q

To find the “number needed to treat,” the equation is:

A

1/ARR (1 over Absolute risk reduction)

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19
Q

Mortality must be dealt with in (rates/numbers) in order to address risk.

A

Rates

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20
Q

The attributable risk is the incidence in a non-exposed group of people subtracted from incidence in the total population.

A

Population

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21
Q

When a restriction factor is applied to the mortality rate, it is referred to as a rate.

A

Specific

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22
Q

A Disability-Adjusted Life Year is a measure index that equates to (number) lost year(s) of life.

A

One

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23
Q

Direct standardization is (unreliable/reliable) with small numbers.

A

Unreliable

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24
Q

The odds ratio is used in (prospective/retrospective) studies.

A

Retrospective

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25
Q

The odds ratio can be calculated by dividing the disease due to past exposure by the (control/disease) in a group without past exposure.

A

Disease

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26
Q

The weighted value applied in direct standardization (does/does not) have units.

A

Does not

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27
Q

-of-life is an important measurement to consider in individuals living with chronic disease.

A

Quality

28
Q

The relative risk can only be calculated when we have information about during a time period.

A

Incidence

29
Q

The population in the denominator of the mortality rate equation is calculated at (year-end/mid-year) to obtain an approximation.

A

Mid-year

30
Q

(Prevalence/Incidence) is an indicator of how widespread a disease is.

A

Prevalence

31
Q

The most dramatic increase in death in the last 80 years is from cancer.

A

Lung

32
Q

The mortality rate is calculated by dividing total number of deaths from the number of deaths from a particular disease.

A

Proportionate

33
Q

The mortality rate from prostate cancer has (risen/declined) since 1990.

A

Declined

34
Q

If the proportionate mortality increases for one disease, it will necessitate a(n) (increase/decrease) in proportionate mortality for another disease.

A

Decrease

35
Q

A mortality ratio is determined by dividing the number of observed deaths in the population of interest by the number of expected deaths based on a reference population.

A

Standardised

36
Q

(Attributable/Relative/Absolute) risk is defined as the incidence of disease in an exposed group of individuals that could be decreased if the exposure was eliminated.

A

Attributable

37
Q

(Prevalence/Incidence) is the number of new cases of a disease during a certain period of time divided by the number of people at risk in the population.

A

Incidence

38
Q

The is a value representing the odds that exposure to a risk factor lead to disease compared to disease occurring without that exposure.

A

Odds ratio

39
Q

Attributable risk is most often used in studies, in which groups of individuals with defining characteristics are followed over a period of time.

A

Cohort

40
Q

_____________ risk is the difference between the incidence rates in exposed and non-exposed cohorts.

A

Attributable

41
Q

It is necessary to have a population when applying a standardization value.

A

Reference

42
Q

(Prevalence/Incidence) is more useful when assessing short-term disease.

A

Incidence

43
Q

Cancer is the leading cause of death for people (younger/older) than 85.

A

Younger

44
Q

For direct standardization to be reliable, there needs to be a consistent (association/relationship) between all strata in comparison.

A

Relationship

45
Q

Most of the leading causes of disability in 1990 were due to ______________ illnesses.

A

Psychiatric

46
Q

If the mortality rate is limited to a certain disease, it is known as a rate.

A

Disease-specific rate

47
Q

The equation of ____________ = ad/bc.

A

Odds ratio

48
Q

______ compare the probability of an outcome occurring with the probability of an outcome not occurring

A

Odds

49
Q

Uterine cancer mortality has (decreased/increased) since 1930.

A

Decreased

50
Q

The (numerator/denominator) of case-fatality rate includes those who have died after being diagnosed with the specific disease that is being evaluated.

A

Numerator

51
Q

The is the number of times an outcome happened divided by the number of times the outcome could have happened.

A

Probability

52
Q

(Prevalence/Incidence) is more useful when assessing chronic disease.

A

Prevalence

53
Q

The of disease index is a measurement that combines the impacts of deaths, premature deaths, and disability on a population.

A

Burden

54
Q

By 2020, the burden of (communicable/noncommunicable) ____________ diseases is expected to increase.

A

Noncommunicable

55
Q

When (prevalence/incidence) is high, the positive predictive value is high and the negative predictive value is low.

A

Prevalence

56
Q

A directly standardized rate is a weighted .

A

Average

57
Q

When calculating attributable risk, the risk of disease in the non-exposed group is termed risk.

A

Background

58
Q

(Prevalence/Incidence) is an indicator of the risk of contracting a disease.

A

Incidence

59
Q

The definition of (attributable/relative/absolute) risk is the difference between incidence of disease due to a risk factor and incidence of disease in the face of no risk factors.

A

Attributable

60
Q

Death from lung cancer is (greater/less) than death from breast cancer in women.

A

Greater

61
Q

An mortality rate is determined by multiplying a standardized mortality ratio by the crude death rate of the reference population.

A

Adjusted

62
Q

Proportionate mortality rate is (able/not able) to elucidate the risk of death.

A

Not able

63
Q

To find the absolute risk reduction between group A and group B, you can use the equation_________________.

A

risk in group B minus risk in group A

64
Q

The denominator in (case-fatality rate/mortality rate) is limited to individuals who already have the disease.

A

Case-fatality rate

65
Q

When specific mortality rates for two or more populations are not known, (direct/indirect) standardization methods must be used to calculate standardized rates.

A

Indirect

66
Q

Another name for risk difference in absolute terms .

A

Absolute risk reduction

67
Q

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people (younger/older) than 85.

A

Older than

Biostatistics And Epidemiology (9 decks)

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