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Biostatistics And Epidemiology > Epidemiology: Study Design > Flashcards

Epidemiology: Study Design Flashcards

1
Q

If the results from a randomized control trial are able to be generalized to a broader population, the study is said to have (internal/external) validity.

A

External

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2
Q

is a strategy used in research to prevent subjects from knowing whether they are in a control group or a treatment group.

A

Masking

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3
Q

In randomization, individuals are first stratified into groups based on important characteristics, and then randomly assigned to groups within the strata.

A

Stratified

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4
Q

The current practice in randomized control trials is to evaluate the study based on the , regardless of what happened to the subjects after being randomly assigned to groups.

A

Intention to treat

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5
Q

When a randomized control trial is particularly concerned about the comparability of treatment groups in a few characteristics, randomization is employed.

A

Stratified

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6
Q

In a randomized control trial, a substance that is physically similar, but not equal in bioactivity, to the active agent being tested is called a ____________.

A

Placebo

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7
Q

In case control studies, the population that have a certain outcome, is called .

A

Cases

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8
Q

“Does Medication A have a different cure rate than Medication B?” is an example of a/an (one-sided/two-sided) study

A

Two-sided

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9
Q

To determine the true side effect profile of a treatment, the rate of side effects of a treatment should be compared to the rate of side effects due to a .

A
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10
Q

The of a study refers to how well a study can detect a difference between two treatments when a difference really does exist.

A

Power

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11
Q

In (planned/unplanned) crossover in a randomized control trial, there must be enough of a washout period after the first treatment protocol so that there is no overlap between treatments.

A

Planned

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12
Q

is a research strategy that masks both the subject and the observer from knowing which group- treatment or control- a subject is in.

A

Double blinding

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13
Q

The use of a can help to determine the real effects of a treatment as well as its side effects.

A

Placebo

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14
Q

In a (prospective/retrospective) cohort study, an investigator follows the subjects until the point at which a disease does or does not develop.

A

Prospective

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15
Q

Cohort studies allow for the measurement of (absolute/relative) risk of disease development in exposed individuals.

A

Relative risk

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16
Q

Randomized control trials most often measure the (efficacy/effectiveness) of an agent, or how well it works under ideal circumstances.

A

Efficacy

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17
Q

The five details needed before determining the right sample size are: .

A

current response rate, the estimated difference in response rates, whether the test is one- or two- tailed, the p- value, and power.

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18
Q

(Planned/Unplanned) crossover in a randomized control trial refers to a patient’s last minute decision to back out of the treatment group to which they were randomized.

A

Unplanned

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19
Q

The __________ control trial is referred to as the “golden standard” of any study design.

A

randomized

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20
Q

In a randomized control trial, refers to the masking of both the patients and the investigators of the study.

A

Double blinding

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21
Q

In a randomized control trial, the patients who receive the placebo are part of a (treatment/control) group.

A

Control

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22
Q

In (planned/unplanned) crossover in a randomized control trial, a patient is observed taking both a current and new treatment option.

A

Planned

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23
Q

In cohort studies, the selection of study groups (is/is not) random.

A

Is not

24
Q

Ecological studies looking to measure prevalence and incidence in a certain geographical population are especially useful when the disease is (common/rare) .

A

Rare

25
Q

Ecological studies (are/are not) designed to find causal relationships between variables.

A

Are not

26
Q

A study is the comparison of the incidence of disease between an exposed group of individuals to a non-exposed group either retrospectively or prospectively.

A

Cohort

27
Q

Ecological studies look at a(n) to figure out if there is a potential association between two variables.

A

Group population

28
Q

A down-side to case-control studies is , where subjects overestimate or underestimate the exposure.

A

Recall bias

29
Q

The (efficacy/effectiveness) of an agent is how well it works in real-life circumstances.

A

Effectiveness

30
Q

Randomly selected people for a study (should/should not) be representative of the population being studied.

A

Should

31
Q

Ecological studies compare the risk-modifying factors of health in a certain population determined by its to another different population.

A

Geography

32
Q

When two independent drugs are introduced in a randomized control trial, the study variant is called _____________ design.

A

Factorial

33
Q

The main purpose of randomization is to eliminate potential that are subconsciously introduced through investigator assignment.

A

Biases

34
Q

One way to report the results of a randomized control trial is to calculate the ratio of risks between the two treatment groups, which is also known as the risk.

A

Relative risk

35
Q

The is the probability that the summary of a dataset, such as a mean difference between two groups, would be the same as, or more extreme than, the number observed in the study.

A

P-value

36
Q

A cohort study (can/cannot) be both retrospective and prospective in nature.

A

Can

37
Q

Cohort studies are concerned with disease (incidence/prevalence) because a temporal relationship exists between exposure and disease.

A

Incidence

38
Q

Ensuring compatibility between treatment groups (is/is not) the main purpose of randomization in randomized control trials.

A

Is not

39
Q

Historical data is examined in (prospective/retrospective) cohort studies.

A

Retrospective

40
Q

(Selection/Information) bias occurs in cohort studies when the choice of subjects within exposed or non-exposed groups relates to the outcome.

A

Selection

41
Q

A p-value of 0.05 means that there’s a % probability to find the observed data in case the null hypothesis were true.

A

5%

42
Q

A is an inert substance that appears to be the same as the active agent.

A

Placebo

43
Q

(Selection/Information) bias is introduced to cohort studies when investigators subconsciously analyze data differently based on their preconceptions.

A

Information

44
Q

(Selection/Information) ________ bias is introduced to cohort studies when the extent or quality of knowledge differs between the exposed and non-exposed groups.

A

Information

45
Q

The (efficacy/effectiveness) of an agent is how well it works under ideal circumstances.

A

Efficacy

46
Q

Randomization in a randomized control trial will theoretically (increase/decrease) the likelihood that the different groups will be comparable to one another in demographic characteristics.

A

Increase

47
Q

Two different drugs can be included in a randomized control trial as long as their pharmacokinetics are (dependent/independent) of one another.

A

Independent

48
Q

Case-control studies can also be used to explore many exposures associated with an outcome, which comes in handy for investigations.

A

Outbreak

49
Q

If a randomized control trial was properly performed without any bias, it has (internal/external) validity.

A

Internal

50
Q

“Does Medication A have a lower cure rate than Medication B?” is an example of a/an (one-sided/two sided) study.

A

One-sided

51
Q

In case control studies, the population that doesn’t have a certain outcome, is called .

A

Controls

52
Q

When the treatment groups in a randomized control trial are (large/small) , there is a greater chance that each group will be comparable to each in demographic characteristics.

A

Large

53
Q

When group-level information is used to make assumptions about individuals, it’s called a/an __________.

A

Ecological fallacy

54
Q

A (case-control/cohort) study aims to see if exposure affects the likelihood of a disease.

A

Cohort

55
Q

To determine the true side effect profile of a treatment, the rate of side effects of a treatment should be compared to the rate of side effects due to a .

A

Placebo

56
Q

Case-control studies are a type of study since they look at the past exposures of people.

A

Retrospective

57
Q

Randomization of subjects (is/is not) necessary when the same patient undergoes both the control and treatment course.

A

Is not

Biostatistics And Epidemiology (9 decks)

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