Epidemiology: Study Design

Question 1

If the results from a randomized control trial are able to be generalized to a broader population, the study is said to have (internal/external) validity.

Answer 1

External

Question 2

is a strategy used in research to prevent subjects from knowing whether they are in a control group or a treatment group.

Answer 2

Masking

Question 3

In randomization, individuals are first stratified into groups based on important characteristics, and then randomly assigned to groups within the strata.

Answer 3

Stratified

Question 4

The current practice in randomized control trials is to evaluate the study based on the , regardless of what happened to the subjects after being randomly assigned to groups.

Answer 4

Intention to treat

Question 5

When a randomized control trial is particularly concerned about the comparability of treatment groups in a few characteristics, randomization is employed.

Answer 5

Stratified

Question 6

In a randomized control trial, a substance that is physically similar, but not equal in bioactivity, to the active agent being tested is called a ____________.

Answer 6

Placebo

Question 7

In case control studies, the population that have a certain outcome, is called .

Answer 7

Cases

Question 8

“Does Medication A have a different cure rate than Medication B?” is an example of a/an (one-sided/two-sided) study

Answer 8

Two-sided

Question 9

To determine the true side effect profile of a treatment, the rate of side effects of a treatment should be compared to the rate of side effects due to a .

Question 10

The of a study refers to how well a study can detect a difference between two treatments when a difference really does exist.

Answer 10

Power

Question 11

In (planned/unplanned) crossover in a randomized control trial, there must be enough of a washout period after the first treatment protocol so that there is no overlap between treatments.

Answer 11

Planned

Question 12

is a research strategy that masks both the subject and the observer from knowing which group- treatment or control- a subject is in.

Answer 12

Double blinding

Question 13

The use of a can help to determine the real effects of a treatment as well as its side effects.

Answer 13

Placebo

Question 14

In a (prospective/retrospective) cohort study, an investigator follows the subjects until the point at which a disease does or does not develop.

Answer 14

Prospective

Question 15

Cohort studies allow for the measurement of (absolute/relative) risk of disease development in exposed individuals.

Answer 15

Relative risk

Question 16

Randomized control trials most often measure the (efficacy/effectiveness) of an agent, or how well it works under ideal circumstances.

Answer 16

Efficacy

Question 17

The five details needed before determining the right sample size are: .

Answer 17

current response rate, the estimated difference in response rates, whether the test is one- or two- tailed, the p- value, and power.

Question 18

(Planned/Unplanned) crossover in a randomized control trial refers to a patient’s last minute decision to back out of the treatment group to which they were randomized.

Answer 18

Unplanned

Question 19

The __________ control trial is referred to as the “golden standard” of any study design.

Answer 19

randomized

Question 20

In a randomized control trial, refers to the masking of both the patients and the investigators of the study.

Answer 20

Double blinding

Question 21

In a randomized control trial, the patients who receive the placebo are part of a (treatment/control) group.

Answer 21

Control

Question 22

In (planned/unplanned) crossover in a randomized control trial, a patient is observed taking both a current and new treatment option.

Answer 22

Planned

Question 23

In cohort studies, the selection of study groups (is/is not) random.

Answer 23

Is not

Question 24

Ecological studies looking to measure prevalence and incidence in a certain geographical population are especially useful when the disease is (common/rare) .

Answer 24

Rare

Question 25

Ecological studies (are/are not) designed to find causal relationships between variables.

Answer 25

Are not

Question 26

A study is the comparison of the incidence of disease between an exposed group of individuals to a non-exposed group either retrospectively or prospectively.

Answer 26

Cohort

Question 27

Ecological studies look at a(n) to figure out if there is a potential association between two variables.

Answer 27

Group population

Question 28

A down-side to case-control studies is , where subjects overestimate or underestimate the exposure.

Answer 28

Recall bias

Question 29

The (efficacy/effectiveness) of an agent is how well it works in real-life circumstances.

Answer 29

Effectiveness

Question 30

Randomly selected people for a study (should/should not) be representative of the population being studied.

Answer 30

Should

Question 31

Ecological studies compare the risk-modifying factors of health in a certain population determined by its to another different population.

Answer 31

Geography

Question 32

When two independent drugs are introduced in a randomized control trial, the study variant is called _____________ design.

Answer 32

Factorial

Question 33

The main purpose of randomization is to eliminate potential that are subconsciously introduced through investigator assignment.

Answer 33

Biases

Question 34

One way to report the results of a randomized control trial is to calculate the ratio of risks between the two treatment groups, which is also known as the risk.

Answer 34

Relative risk

Question 35

The is the probability that the summary of a dataset, such as a mean difference between two groups, would be the same as, or more extreme than, the number observed in the study.

Answer 35

P-value

Question 36

A cohort study (can/cannot) be both retrospective and prospective in nature.

Answer 36

Can

Question 37

Cohort studies are concerned with disease (incidence/prevalence) because a temporal relationship exists between exposure and disease.

Answer 37

Incidence

Question 38

Ensuring compatibility between treatment groups (is/is not) the main purpose of randomization in randomized control trials.

Answer 38

Is not

Question 39

Historical data is examined in (prospective/retrospective) cohort studies.

Answer 39

Retrospective

Question 40

(Selection/Information) bias occurs in cohort studies when the choice of subjects within exposed or non-exposed groups relates to the outcome.

Answer 40

Selection

Question 41

A p-value of 0.05 means that there's a % probability to find the observed data in case the null hypothesis were true.

Answer 41

5%

Question 42

A is an inert substance that appears to be the same as the active agent.

Answer 42

Placebo

Question 43

(Selection/Information) bias is introduced to cohort studies when investigators subconsciously analyze data differently based on their preconceptions.

Answer 43

Information

Question 44

(Selection/Information) ________ bias is introduced to cohort studies when the extent or quality of knowledge differs between the exposed and non-exposed groups.

Answer 44

Information

Question 45

The (efficacy/effectiveness) of an agent is how well it works under ideal circumstances.

Answer 45

Efficacy

Question 46

Randomization in a randomized control trial will theoretically (increase/decrease) the likelihood that the different groups will be comparable to one another in demographic characteristics.

Answer 46

Increase

Question 47

Two different drugs can be included in a randomized control trial as long as their pharmacokinetics are (dependent/independent) of one another.

Answer 47

Independent

Question 48

Case-control studies can also be used to explore many exposures associated with an outcome, which comes in handy for investigations.

Answer 48

Outbreak

Question 49

If a randomized control trial was properly performed without any bias, it has (internal/external) validity.

Answer 49

Internal

Question 50

"Does Medication A have a lower cure rate than Medication B?" is an example of a/an (one-sided/two sided) study.

Answer 50

One-sided

Question 51

In case control studies, the population that doesn't have a certain outcome, is called .

Answer 51

Controls

Question 52

When the treatment groups in a randomized control trial are (large/small) , there is a greater chance that each group will be comparable to each in demographic characteristics.

Answer 52

Large

Question 53

When group-level information is used to make assumptions about individuals, it’s called a/an __________.

Answer 53

Ecological fallacy

Question 54

A (case-control/cohort) study aims to see if exposure affects the likelihood of a disease.

Answer 54

Cohort

Question 55

To determine the true side effect profile of a treatment, the rate of side effects of a treatment should be compared to the rate of side effects due to a .

Answer 55

Placebo

Question 56

Case-control studies are a type of study since they look at the past exposures of people.

Answer 56

Retrospective

Question 57

Randomization of subjects (is/is not) necessary when the same patient undergoes both the control and treatment course.

Answer 57

Is not