Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PEM Lectures dirigées > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for Relative Risk with chart

A

[A/(A+B)] / [C/(C+D)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does an RR of 1 signify

A

Same risk in both groups
no association between exposure and outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does an RR > 1 signify?

A

exposure is a risk factor for developing the condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does an RR= 0 signify?

A

exposure is protective against the condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the equation for absolute risk reduction?

A

ARR = [A/(A+B)] - [C /(C+D)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the significance of ARR = 0

A

no association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the significance of ARR > 0

A

positive causal relationship between exposure and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the significance of ARR < 0

A

exposure is protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the equation for NNT?

A

NNT = 1/ARR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the equation for relative risk reduction

A

RRR = 1-RR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Equation for Odd’s Ratio

A

OR = (A x D) / (B x C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of study can use an odd’s rattio

A

All

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of study CANNOT calculate a relative risk?

A

case-control study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the significance of OR = 1

A

No association between exposure and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the significance of OR < 1

A

exposure protects against disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the significance of OR > 1

A

exposure increases chance of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Calculation for sensitivity

A

A / (A+C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Calculation for specificity

A

D / (B+D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Equation for positive predictive value

A

A / (A+B)

20
Q

Equation for Negative predictive value

A

D / (C+D)

21
Q

What is the positive predictive value

A

probability of having the disease if you have a positive test

22
Q

What is the negative predictive value

A

Probability of not having a disease if you have a negative test

23
Q

Equation for positive likelihood ratio

A

= sensitivity / (1-specificity)

24
Q

Equation for negative likelihood ratio

A

= (1-sensitivity) / specificity

25
Q

What are the types of selection bias?

A

sampling bias
recruitment bias
volunteer bias
indication bias
survival bias

26
Q

What are the types of observation bias?

A

recall bias
Hawthorne effect
Evaluation bias
Loss to follow up
Classification errors

27
Q

Types of descriptive studies

A

Correlation studies
Case report/series
cross-sectional studies
cohort studies

28
Q

Types of analytic studies

A

Case-control
case-crossover
cohort
randomized control trial

29
Q

Disadvantage of correlation study

A

unable to determine cause/effect
high confounding factors

30
Q

Disadvantages of case report/series

A

no control group
less generalizable
can’t determine cause/effect association

31
Q

Advantage of cross-sectional studies

A

evaluates participants individually therefore more nuance re: independent variables

32
Q

Disadvantages of cross-sectional studies

A

no evaluation of temporality of risk factors
cannot evaluate incidence

33
Q

Advantages of case-control studies

A

**rare diseases
exposure occurred a long time ago
evaluate multiple variables/exposures
good for hypothesis testing
identify risk factors related to a condition

34
Q

Disadvantages of case-control studies

A

can’t define incidence
selection bias
recall bias
can’t use relative risk

35
Q

What is a case-crossover study?

A

determine if a transitory exposure increases risk of having a disease in that time of exposure (eg. increased risk of heart attack during intense activity)

36
Q

Advantages of case-crossover studies

A

reduce interindividual variability because each person is their own control

37
Q

Disadvantage of case-crossover studies

A

recall bias

38
Q

How is a cohort study done?

A

Participants chosen based on whether or not they’ve been exposed to a chosen variable then compare incidence of new pathology in the different groups

39
Q

Advantages of cohort studies

A

better temporal relationship understanding
can evaluate rare exposures
can study risk factors that would otherwise be unethical
can estimate incidence based on exposure
less selection bias

40
Q

Disadvantages of cohort studies

A

longer term and more costly
risk of losing patients to follow-up

41
Q

What is a sampling bias?

A

participants not representative of general populaion

42
Q

What is recruitment bias

A

recruited participants have certain characteristics related to the disease

43
Q

What is indication bias

A

exposure studied is part of diagnostic criteria for a disease

44
Q

What is the hawthorne effect

A

people act differently when observed

45
Q

What is evaluation bias

A

evaluator is preferentially looking for certain exposures

46
Q

What are the features of a confounding factor?

A

factor that is associated to the exposure and associated to the issue but the association is independent of the exposure

PEM Lectures dirigées (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions