EP- Energy Concepts and Systems Flashcards
Define energy
The ability to perform work.
Joules
Define work
The ability to apply force over distance.
Joules
Define power
The rate at which work is done.
Watts
What are the three main types of energy
Chemical
Potential
Kinetic
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP
The energy currency of the body. It is the only useable source of energy that the muscles can use for work
How many seconds of exercise does ATP provide
2-3 Seconds
What is the equation for ATP synthesis
ADP + P –> ATP (endothermic)
Is it ATP synthesis or breakdown which is exothermic
The breakdown of ATP into ADP + P
Name 4 life functions ATP provides the energy for
Nerve Transmission Circulation Digestion Tissue Synthesis Muscle Action Maintaining body temperature
What enzyme is used to breakdown ATP
ATPase
What are the three methods of ATP resynthesis
ATP/PC
Lactic Acid
Aerobic
Which energy system provides enough ATP for up to 3 minutes of exercise
Lactic Acid
The aerobic system supplies enough ATP for how long
Unlimited duration
10 seconds of energy is supplied by the….
ATP/PC system
Where do reactions take place in the ATP/PC system
The muscle sarcoplasm
What is the fuel for the ATP/PC system
Creatine
Which enzyme is used for the ATP/PC system
Creatine Kinase
Give a sporting example of what you’d use the ATP/PC system for
Shot put throw
How can you improve your ATP/PC system
Anaerobic training
What benefit does anaerobic training have on the ATP/PC system
Increases the muscle stores of ATP/PC
Delays the lactate threshold
Where do the lactic acid system reactions take place
The sarcoplasm of muscles
What is the fuel of the lactic acid system
Glucose/glycogen
What are the three enzymes involved in the lactic system
GP
PFK
LDH
What does LDH do
Converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
What does GP do
Converts glycogen to glucose
What does PFK do
Converts glucose to pyruvic acid
What is the by-product and its effect on the body of the LA system
Lactic Acid
Lowers muscle pH causing pain and fatigue, due to the denaturation of the muscle enzymes
Give a sport which predominantly uses the LA system
200m Sprint
How can you improve your LA system
Anaerobic training
What is the benefit of anaerobic training on the LA system
Increases the body’s tolerance of LA
Increases the body’s buffering capacity
Increases the rate of LA removal
Delays OBLA
Name the three stages of the aerobic system
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycles
Electron Transport Chain
What happens in aerobic glycolysis
Glycogen is broken down into glucose
Glucose is broken down into glucose-6-phosphate and then into pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid then combines with CoA to form Acetyl CoA
Which enzyme breaks glycogen into glucose
GP
Which enzyme breaks glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and then into pyruvic acid
PFK
In the Krebs Cycle, what is the first reaction
Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
What is produced in the Krebs Cycle
CO2, 2 ATP, NADH
Describe the steps of the ETC
Hydrogen Atoms combine with NAD and FAD to form NAADH and FADH
These are split into H and e in the electron transport chain
This resynthesises 34 ATP
H combine with O2 to form H2O
Define energy continuum
Shows how the energy systems interact to provide energy for ATP resynthesis
Give an external factor affecting the energy continuum
O2 supply
What mmol/l of lactate is the threshold level
4 mmol/l
Define the energy system threshold
The point at which the energy systems swap to provide the energy the energy for ATP resynthesis
What effects the energy system threshold
Exercise intensity and duration at that specific time e.g. A 200m sprinter will switch from the ATP/PC system to the LA system after 10sec.
Describe the changes in energy system in a team game
The player will be continually switching between the three energy systems. The games player is continually resynthesising ATP/PC during periods of recovery. This allows the ATP/PC system to be repeatedly used intermittently in the game when explosive moves are required.
Name four factors effecting energy system predominacy
O2 transport/supply
Fuel availability
Enzyme activation level
Fitness level
How does O2 Transport/Supply effect energy system dominance
Aerobic system will always be predominant if there is a sufficient supply of O2 available
How does fuel availability effect energy system dominance
For high intensity exercises, as long as there are sufficient PC stores, it will be the ATP/PC system. Glycogen is the major fuel available, fats are then used when these are no longer avaliable
How do fitness levels effect energy system dominance
Aerobic athletes use FFA’s earlier during submax exercise in order to conserve glycogen stores. An anaerobically trained athlete will increase ATP/PC and glycogen stores and anaerobic enzymes, have an improved tolerance of LA and increase both the threshold of the Atp/Pc and LA systems
What are fats broken down into
Free fatty acids (FFA’s) and glycerol
What enzyme breaks fats down
Lipases
What are FFA’s broken down into
Acetyl CoA- which combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid as part of the Krebs cycle (beta-oxidation)
