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Mrs. Unger's AP Biology > Enzymes and Reactions > Flashcards

Enzymes and Reactions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in an organism
Necessary for obtaining the energy for all other aspects of life

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2
Q

Catabolic

A

Reactions that break down complex molecules

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3
Q

Anabolic

A

Reactions that build up complex molecules

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4
Q

Describe the

Energy of Metabolic Reactions

A

Catabolic - breaks down molecules and releases energy; exergonic
Anabolic - builds up molecules and requires the input of energy; endergonic

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5
Q

Define

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change
Ability to do work
Ability to move matter

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6
Q

Two categories of energy

A

Kinetic and Potential

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7
Q

Define

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of moving objects

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8
Q

Define

Potential Energy

A

Energy of position, which can transform to kinetic energy

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9
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Potential energy related to the chemical bonds of compounds

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10
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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11
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Entropy increases every time energy is transferred or transformed

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12
Q

Define

Entropy

A

Disorder / randomness
Constantly increases

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13
Q

Exergonic

A

Reactions where the reactants have more potential energy than the products
Energy is released

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14
Q

Endergonic

A

Reactions where the products have more potential energy than the reactants
Energy must be absorbed

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15
Q

What can you determine about this reaction?

A
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16
Q

What can you determine about this reaction?

A
17
Q

Stability, energy, and entropy

A

”

Simplest molecules have the least potential energy, most entropy, and are the most stable

Building molecules requires the input of energy, a decrease in entropy, and increases order

”

18
Q

ATP

A

”

Adenosine tri-phosphate

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy that can be coupled with endergonic reactions

”

19
Q

Describe this molecule

A

”

Adenosine tri-phosphate

Nitrogenous base = Adenine

Ribose

Adenine and ribose makes adenosine

Three phosphate groups; the last phosphate is easily removed to release energy

”

20
Q

ADP

A

”

Adenosine di-phosphate

Phosphate group can be added via dehydration reaction to make ATP to “store” energy

”

21
Q

Define

Enzyme

A

Biological catalyst

22
Q

Properties of

Enzymes

A

Reduce activation energy
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Specific to one reaction
Made of proteins or RNA

23
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy required to break bonds in the reactants of a reaction
Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

24
Q

Describe this graph

A

Black line = Reaction without an enzyme present; activation energy is energy above the dotted line
Red line = Reaction with an enzyme present
Difference between reactants and products is NOT changed!

25
Q

How enzymes work

A
  1. Can allow for proper orientation of particles
  2. Stresses covalent bonds
  3. Creates a better environment for the reaction to occur
26
Q

Define

Substrate

A

Reactant that binds to an enzyme to react

27
Q

Define

Active site

A

Part of enzyme that binds substrate

28
Q

Describe the

Induced Fit Model

A

The binding of the substrate to the active site causes a change in the enzyme, enabling it to work

29
Q

How are enzymatic reactions affected by

Temperature

A

”

Low temp: Low reactions due to fewer collisions

Optimal temp: Highest rate of reactions

High temp: Low enzyme activity because enzyme denatures

”

30
Q

How are enzymatic reactions affected by

pH

A

”

Too acidic or too alkaline: Low enzyme activity because enzyme denatures

Optimal pH: Highest rate of reaction

”

31
Q

How are enzymatic reactions affected by

Enzyme concentration

A

Increasing enzyme increases overall rates of reactions in cells (assuming excess substrate)

32
Q

How are enzymatic reactions affected by

Substrate concentration

A

Increasing substrate concentration increases overall rates of reactions until enzymes are saturated at which point the reaction rate will level off

33
Q

How are enzymatic reactions affected by

Cofactors

A

Increase rate of reactions

34
Q

How are enzymatic reactions affected by

Competitive inhibitors

A

”

Decrease/stop reactions

Increasing substrate concentration can increase reaction rate

”

35
Q

How are enzymatic reactions affected by

Allosteric regulators

A

”

Decrease/stop reactions

Substrate concentration does not affect reaction rate

”

Mrs. Unger's AP Biology (16 decks)

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