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Mrs. Unger's AP Biology > Cell Structures > Flashcards

Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Two main types of microscopes

A

Light
Electron

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2
Q

Typical magnification of light microscope lenses

A

**Scanning: 4x
Low: 10x
High: 40x
Oil immersion: 100x

Eyepiece: 10x**

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3
Q

Two types of electron microscopes

A

Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM)

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4
Q

Benefits of SEM

A

High magnification
High resolution
3D images

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5
Q

Benefits of TEM

A

Highest magnification
Highest resolution
Slices / 2D images

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6
Q

Cell Theory states:

A

  • *1. All living things are made of cells
    2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
    3. All cells come from pre-existing cells**
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7
Q

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

A

Life can arise from non-living matter
Disproven

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8
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryote
Eukaryote

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9
Q

Parts of all cells

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Chromosomes / DNA
Ribosomes

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10
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

Prokaryotic organisms

A

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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12
Q

Function of

Cell membrane

A

Semi permeable membrane
Allows only certain substances into and out of the cell

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13
Q

Function of

Cell wall

A

Strong, protective outer layer that supports and shapes the cell
Prevents against drying out (prokaryotic cells)

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14
Q

Function of

Capsule

A

Sticky outer-most layer on some prokaryotes
Aids in attachment to other cells or the substrate
Helpful for evading the immune system

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15
Q

Function of

Flagella

A

Movement

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16
Q

Function of

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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17
Q

Function of

Cytosol

A

Has dissolved substances that can be used for chemical reactions

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18
Q

Function of

Cytoplasm

A

Contains cytosol and organelles (except nucleus in eukaryotes)

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19
Q

Function of

Chromosome

A

Instructions for making proteins
Tightly coiled to fit into nucleus or nucleoid region

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20
Q

Function of

Pili

A

Prokaryotic sex organ that allows two cells to join and exchange genetic information

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21
Q

Function of

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

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22
Q

Function of

Nuclear envelope

A

Separates cytoplasm from nucleoplasm
Protection of DNA in eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

Function of

Nuclear pores

A

Allows for movement of nutrients into and out of the nucleus, and for the movement of RNA out of the nucleus

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24
Q

Function of

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)

A

Lipid synthesis

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25
Q

Function of

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)

A

Location of bound ribosomes, which produce proteins that go into the rER
Modification of proteins

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26
Q

Function of

Golgi apparatus

A

Chemical modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and other chemicals

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27
Q

Function of

Vesicles

A

Packages of chemicals

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28
Q

Function of

Lysosomes

A

Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular materials (waste, pathogenic organisms, etc)

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29
Q

Function of

Peroxisomes

A

Contain enzymes to break down hydrogen peroxide

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30
Q

Function of

Centriole

A

Produce cytoskeleton structures prior to and during animal cell division

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31
Q

Function of

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides support for cells (especially animal cells) and aids in transport of structures

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32
Q

Function of

Mitochondria

A

Site of cellular respiration
Production of usable chemical energy

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33
Q

Function of

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis
Converts energy from sunlight into sugar

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34
Q

Function of

Large Central Vacuole

A

Water storage in plant cells
Maintains cell turgidity (uprightness)

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35
Q

Eukaryote

A

Cells with membrane-bound organelles

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36
Q

Groups of eukaryotic cells

A

Protists (unicellular eukaryotes)
Animals
Plants
fungi

37
Q

Two events that led to eukaryotes

A

Infolding of the cell membrane led to endomembrane system
Endosymbiosis led to formation of mitochondria (all eukaryotes) and chloroplasts (plants and algae)

38
Q

Parts of the endomembrane system

A

Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi appartus
Vesicles and vacuoles

39
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

The mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from the engulfing of a small, specialized prokaryotic cell by a larger one
The smaller prokaryote remained alive and continued to exist in the host cell

40
Q

Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory

A

  • *Mitochondria and chloroplasts have:
    1. Their own ribosomes
    2. Their own DNA
    3. A double membrane**
41
Q

Types of vesicles

A

Transport
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Secretory

42
Q

What prokaryotes have that eukaryotes don’t

A

Nucleoid region
Capsule (sometimes)
Peptidoglycan cell wall (Eubacteria only)
Pili

43
Q

What animal cells have that plant cells don’t

A

Centrioles
Flagella
More complex cytoskeleton

44
Q

What plant cells have that animal cells don’t

A

Chloroplast
Cell wall
Large central vacuole

45
Q

Describe the production of a protein

A

Assembled on ribosomes
Travels through rER; folded and modified
Move to cis-face of Golgi apparatus
Chemically modified
Moved to trans-face of Golgi
Packaged into vesicle

46
Q

Types of ribosomes

A

Free: In cytoplasm; make proteins for use in the cell
Bound: Attached to ER; make proteins to be packaged into vesicles

47
Q

Identify this structure

48
Q

Identify this structure

49
Q

Identify this structure

50
Q

Identify this structure

A

Cell membrane

51
Q

Identify this structure

52
Q

Identify this structure

53
Q

Identify this structure

A

Cytosol (or cytoplasm)

54
Q

Identify this structure

55
Q

Identify this structure

A

Flagella (on animal cell; different than on prokaryotic cell)

56
Q

Identify this structure

57
Q

Identify this structure

58
Q

Identify this structure

A

Chromatin

or

Nucleoplasm

59
Q

Identify this structure

A

Nuclear envelope / membrane

60
Q

Identify this structure

A

Nuclear pore

61
Q

Identify this structure

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

62
Q

Identify this structure

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

63
Q

Identify this structure

A

Golgi Apparatus

AKA Golgi Body

64
Q

Identify this structure

A

Vesicle

Cannot determine specific type

65
Q

Identify this structure

A

Mitochondrion

66
Q

Identify this structure

A

Cytoskeleton

67
Q

Identify this structure

A

Free ribosomes

68
Q

Identify this structure

A

Cell membrane

69
Q

Identify this structure

A

Chloroplast

70
Q

Identify this structure

71
Q

Identify this structure

A

Mitochondrion

72
Q

Identify this structure

A

Large central vacuole

73
Q

Identify this structure

A

Golgi apparatus

74
Q

Identify this structure

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

75
Q

Identify this structure

A

Cell membrane

76
Q

Identify this structure

A

Cell wall

(cellulose!)

77
Q

Identify this structure

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

78
Q

Identify this structure

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

79
Q

Identify this structure

A

Intermembrane space

80
Q

Identify this structure

81
Q

Identify this structure

A

Mitochondrial matrix

82
Q

Identify this structure

A

Ribosome (of mitochondria)

83
Q

Identify this structure

A

Outer chloroplast membrane

84
Q

Identify this structure

85
Q

Identify this structure

A

Thylakoid membrane

86
Q

Identify this structure

A

Thylakoid space

87
Q

Identify this structure

A

Ribosome (of chloroplast)

88
Q

Identify this structure

A

DNA (of chloroplast)

Mrs. Unger's AP Biology (16 decks)

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