ENZYMES Flashcards
is a compound or BIOLOGICAL POLYMER, usually a protein, that acts as a CATALYST for a biochemical reaction
enzymes
enzymes that require a METAL ION COFACTOR are termed
metal-activated enzymes
for which metal ions serve as PROSTHETIC GROUPS
metalloenzymes
an enzyme that catalyzes an OXIDATION-REDUCTION reaction
oxidoreductase
“BROWNING REACTION” caused by PHENOLASE a conjugated enzyme in which copper is present
oxidoreductase
is an enzyme that catalyzes the TRANSER OF A FUNTIONAL GROUP other than hydrogen
transferases
is an enzyme that catalyzed a HYDROLYSIS REACTION in which the addition of a water molecule to a bond causes the bond to break
hydrolase
is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the REMOVAL OF A GROUP to form a double bond in a manner that does not involve hydrolysis
lyase
an enzyme that catalyzes the ISOMERIZATION converting it into a molecule isomeric with itself
isomerase
an enzyme that catalyzes the BONDING TOGETHER OF TWO MOLECULES INTO ONE with the participation of ATP.
ligase
the RELATIVELY SMALL PART of an enzyme’s structure that is involved in catalysis
enzyme active site
usually a CREVICELIKE location the enzyme
enzyme active site
the INTERMEDIATE REACTION SPECIES that is formed when the substrate bind to the active site of an enzyme
enzyme-substrate complex
only a substrate whose SHAPE AND CHEMICAL NATURE ARE COMPLEMENTARY to those of the active site can interact with the enzyme
lock-and-key model
is a result of the ENZYME’S FLEXIBILITY
induced-fit model
the extent to which an enzyme’s activity is RESTRICTED TO A SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE, a specific group of substrates, a SPECIFIC TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND
enzyme specificity
enzyme will catalyze only ONE REACTION
absolute specificity
the enzyme will act only on molecules that have a SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP
group specificity
the enzyme will act on a PARTICULAR TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND
linkage specificity
some enzymes are specific to ONLY ONE ISOMER even if the compound is one type of molecule
stereochemical specificity
is a microorganism that THRIVES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
extremophile
is a MICROBIOAL ENZYME ACTIVE at conditions that would inactivate human enzymes as well as enzymes present in other types of higher organisms
extremozyme
optimal growth at pH levels of 3.0 OR BELOW
acidophiles
optimal growth at pH levels of 9.0 OR ABOVE
alkaliphiles
a SALINITY that exceeds 0.2 M NaCl needed for growth
halophiles
a temperature between 80°C and 122°C needed to thrive
hypothermophiles
a temperature of 15°C OR LOWER needed for growth
cryophiles
a HIGH HYDROSTATIC pressure needed for growth
piezophiles
a BACTERIUM that can function in the HIGHLY ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT of the stomach
H. pylori
3 types of ENZYME INHIBITION
competitive, noncompetitive. irreversible enzyme inhibitor
a molecule CLOSELY RESEMBLING THE SUBSTRATE, binds to the active site and temporarily prevents substrates
competitive enzyme inhibitor
a MOLECULE THAT BINDS TO A SITE on an enzyme that is not the active site
noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor
a MOLECULE THAT FORMS A COVALENT BOND to a part of the active site
irreversible enzyme inhibitor
means “OTHER,” in greek
allo
means SITE OR SPACE
stereos
an enzyme WITH TWO OR MORE PROTEIN CHAINS and two kind of binding sites
allosteric enzymes
substances that BIND AT REGUALTORY SITES of allosteric enzymes
regulators
INCREASES ENZYME ACTIVITY; the shape of the active site is changed such hat it can more readily accept substrate
positive regulator
DECREASES ENZYME ACTIVITY; changes to the active site are such that substrates is less readily accepted
negative regulator
an enzyme that catalyzes the BREAKING OF PEPTIDE BONDS that maintain the primary structure of a protein
proteolytic enzyme
is the INACTIVE PRECURSOR of a proteolytic enzyme
zymogen
an enzyme that catalyzes the FORMATION OF PEPTIDE CROSS LINKS between polysaccharide strands in bacterial cell walls
transpeptidase
an enzyme which PROTECTS BACTERIA from penicillin
penicillinase
is an enzyme that is found primarily in SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSLCE and in smaller fractions in the brain
creatine kinase
considered a SPECIFIC MARKER for liver disease
alanine aminotransferase
for DIAGNOSIS of liver disease
aspartate aminotransferase
an enzyme found in the LIVER, KIDNEY, AND PANCREAS
g-glutamyl transpeptidase
enzyme involved in the INTERCONVERSION OF LACTATE AND PYRUVATE
lactate dehydrogenase
enzyme that aids in the DIGESTION OF FAT.
lipase
enzyme that aids in DIGESTION BY BREAKING DOWN complex carbohydrates into simple sugars
amylase
a group of enzymes, which HYDROLYZE PHOSPHATE ESTERS at an alkaline pH
alkaline phosphates
catalyze the hydrolysis of VARIOUS PHOSPHATE ESTERS at acidic pH
acid phosphate
