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BIOCHEM LEC FOR RBE > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

term for SACCHARIDE or SUGAR

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

the GENERAL FORMULA of carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

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3
Q

a compound that YIELDS POLYHYDROXY ALDEHYDES OR KETONES upon hydrolysis

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

provides SHORT-TERM ENERGY reserve

A

carbohydrates

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5
Q

carbohydrate that contains a SINGLE polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone

A

monosaccharide

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6
Q

carbohydrate that contains 2 TO 10 MONOSACCHARIDE units covalently bonded to each other

A

oligosaccharides

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7
Q

polymeric carbohydrate that contains as MANY MONOSACCHARIDE UNITS covalently bonded to each other

A

polysaccharides

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8
Q

hydrolysis of carobhydrates?

A

polysaccharides to oligosaccharides to monosaccharide

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9
Q

a monosaccharide that contains an ALDEHYDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A

aldose

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10
Q

monosaccharide that contains a KETONE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A

ketose

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11
Q

substance rotates polarized LIGHT TO THE LEFT

A

levorotatory

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12
Q

substance rotates polarized LIGHT TO THE RIGHT

A

dextrorotatory

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13
Q

are images that COINCIDE AT ALL POINTS when the images are laid upon each other

A

superimposable

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14
Q

are mirror images where NOT ALL POINTS COINCIDE when the images are laid upon each other

A

nonsuperimposable

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15
Q

has 4 DIFFERENT ATOMS bonded to the carbon

A

chiral

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16
Q

DOES NOT HAVE 4 DIFFERENT ATOMS or groups bonded to the carbon

A

achiral

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17
Q

an ATOM IN A MOLECULE that has 4 different groups tetrahedrally bonded to it

A

chiral center

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18
Q

MOLECULE whose mirror images are NOT SUPERIMPOSABLE

A

chiral molecule

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19
Q

MOLECULE whose mirror images ARE SUPERIMPOSABLE

A

achiral molecule

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20
Q

ISOMERS that have the SAME MOLECULAR AND STRUCTURAL FORMULAS but differ in the orientation of atoms in space

A

stereoisomers

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21
Q

what are the subtypes of stereoisomers?

A

enantiomers and diastereomers

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22
Q

ENANTIOS opposite

A

enantiomers

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23
Q

STEREOISOMERS whose molecules are NONSUPERIMPOSABLE

A

enantiomers

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24
Q

are STEREOISOMERS whose molecules are NOT MIRROR IMAGES of each other

A

diastereomers

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25
Q

a two dimensional structural notation for showing the SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT of groups about chiral centers in molecules

A

fischer projection formula

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26
Q

when a molecule has MORE THAN ONE CHIRAL CARBON, each carbon can possibly be arranged in either the right-hand or left-hand form

A

2n rule

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27
Q

a two dimensional structural notation that specifies the THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide

A

haworth projection

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28
Q

6 membered ring

A

pyranose

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29
Q

5 membered ring

A

furanose

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30
Q

what are the 3 acidic sugars?

A

aldonic acid, alduronic acid, aldaric acid

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31
Q

uses WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT

A

aldonic acid

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32
Q

USES ENZYMES

A

alduronic acid

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33
Q

uses STRONG OXIDIZING AGENT

A

aldaric acid

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34
Q

used as a SWEETENING AGENT in chewing gum

A

d-sorbitol

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35
Q

a component of RNA and energy-rich compounds such as ATP

A

d-ribose

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36
Q

it means MINUS AN OXYGEN

A

deoxy

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37
Q

is synthesized from glucose in the MAMMARY GLAND for use in lactose

A

d-galactose

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38
Q

sometimes called BRAIN SUGAR because it is a component of glycoproteins found in the brain and nerve tissue

A

d-galactose

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39
Q

a component of glycoproteins FOUND IN BRAIN AND NERVE TISSUE

A

brain sugar

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40
Q

are DIASTEREOMERS whose molecules DIFFER ONLY IN THE CONFIGURATION at one chiral center

A

epimers

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41
Q

aka DEXTROSE, BLOOD SUGAR, GRAPE SUGAR

A

d-glucose

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42
Q

is biochemically the MOST IMPORTANT KETOHEXOSE

A

d-fructose

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43
Q

also known as LEVULOSE AND FRUIT SUGAR

A

d-fructose

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44
Q

used as a DIETARY SUGAR not because it has fewer calories per gram than other sugars but because less is needed

A

d-fructose

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45
Q

the bond in a DISACCHARIDE resulting from the reaction between THE HEMIACETAL CARBON ATOM

A

glycosidic linkage

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46
Q

also known as MALT SUGAR

A

maltose

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47
Q

ONE-THIRD AS SWEET AS SUCROSE, is produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down

A

malt sugar or maltose

48
Q

a common ingredient in BABY FOODS and is FOUND IN MALTED MILK

A

maltose

49
Q

an interesting compound because of its use in ALCOHOL PRODUCTION

A

maltose

50
Q

produced as an INTERMEDIATE IN THE HYDROLYSIS of the polysaccharide cellulose

A

cellobiose

51
Q

also known as MILK SUGAR

A

lactose

52
Q

it is the major sugar FOUND IN MILK

A

lactose

53
Q

ingredient in INFANT FORMULAS that are designed to simulate mother’s milk

A

lactose

54
Q

it is an EXCIPIENT used as a FILLER OR FILLER-BINDER

A

lactose

55
Q

used to describe the condition where milk drinking ability CONTINUES INTO ADULTHOOD

A

lactase persistence

56
Q

a condition in which people LACK THE ENZYME LACTASE, which is needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose

A

lactose intolerance

57
Q

caused by the ABSENCE OF ONE OR MORE OF THE ENZYMES needed for the CONVERSION OF GALACTOSE TO GLUCOSE

A

galactosemia

58
Q

it is composed of GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE

A

sucrose

59
Q

the most ABUNDANT OF ALL DISACCHARIDES and occurs throughout the plant kingdom

A

table sugar

60
Q

also known as TABLE SUGAR

A

sucrose

61
Q

the enzyme needed to BREAK THE LINKAGE OF SUCROSE

A

sucrase

62
Q

produces an EQUIMOLAR MIXTURE of glucose and fructose

A

invert sugar

63
Q

it is used in JAMS AND JELLIES

A

invert sugar

64
Q

600x sweeter than sucrose

A

sucralose

65
Q

an ASPARTAME DERIVATIVE

A

neotame

66
Q

it is 7000x sweeter than sucrose

A

neotame

67
Q

the 2 NATURALLY OCCURING OLIGOSACCHARIDES

A

raffinose and stachyose

68
Q

TRISACCHARIDE, galactose, glucose, and fructose

A

raffinose

69
Q

TETRASACCHARIDE, galactose, glucose, and fructose with ADDITIONAL GALACTOSE

A

stachyose

70
Q

a TOXIN found in the POTATO PLANT

A

solanine

71
Q

oligosaccharide molecules that are ATTACHED TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE of red blood cells

A

biochemical markers

72
Q

an ALTERNATE NAME for a POLYSACCHARIDE

A

glycan

73
Q

it is the COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

A

polysaccharide

74
Q

2 SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES

A

monosaccharide and disaccharide

75
Q

a polysaccharide in which ONLY ONE TYPE OF MONOSACCHARIDE MONOMER is present

A

homopolysaccharide

76
Q

a polysaccharide in which MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF MONOSACCHARIDE MONOMER is present

A

heteropolysaccharide

77
Q

STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES

A

glycogen and starch

78
Q

STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES

A

cellulose and chitin

79
Q

ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

A

hyaluronic acid and heparin

80
Q

a HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE CONTAINING ONLY GLUCOSE monosaccharide units

A

starch

81
Q

the ENERGY-STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE in plants

A

starch

82
Q

aka AMYLUM

A

starch

83
Q

the STRAIGHT-CHAIN glucose polymer usually accounts for 15%-20% of the starch

A

amylose

84
Q

a BRANCHED glucose polymer accounts for the remaining 80%-85% of the starch

A

amylopectin

85
Q

it is the glucose storage polysaccharide in humans and animals and sometimes referred as ANIMAL STARCH

A

glycogen

86
Q

the 3 GLUCOSE POLYMERS

A

amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

87
Q

up to 1000 GLUCOSE UNITS

A

amylose

88
Q

up to 100,000 GLUCOSE UNITS

A

amylopectin

89
Q

up to 1,000,000 GLUCOSE UNITS

A

glycogen

90
Q

TO START glycogen from glucose

A

glycogenesis

91
Q

TO BREAKDOWN glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

92
Q

GOYSSYPIUM HIRSATUM

A

cellulose

93
Q

it is the most ABUNDANT NATURALLY OCCURING POLYSACCHARIDE

A

cellulose

94
Q

the WOODY portions of plants

A

cellulose

95
Q

the 2ND MOST ABUNDANT NATURALLY OCCURING POLYSACCHARIDE

A

chitin

96
Q

its function is to give rigidity to the EXOSKELETONS OF CRABS, lobsters, shrimp, insects and other arthopods

A

chitin

97
Q

contains GALACTURONIC ACID which is not found in cellulose

A

chitin

98
Q

serve as LUBRICANTS IN TH FLUID OF JOINTS

A

hyaluronic acid

99
Q

are also associated with the JELLY-LIKE CONSISTENCY OF THE VITREOUS HUMOR OF THE EYE

A

hyaluronic acid

100
Q

it is the BLOOD ANTICOAGULANT

A

heparin

101
Q

a 51-amino-acid protein hormone produced by the BETA CELLS OF THE PANCREAS

A

insulin

102
Q

the release of this is triggered by HIGH BLOOD-GLUCOSE LEVELS

A

insulin

103
Q

BINDING TO THE PROTEIN RECEPTORS on the outer surfaces of cells

A

insulin

104
Q

will come out if there is TOO MUCH SUGAR

A

insulin

105
Q

is a polypeptide hormone produced in the PANCREAD BY ALPHA CELLS

A

glucagon

106
Q

it is released when blood sugar levels ARE LOW

A

glucagon

107
Q

also called ADRENALINE

A

epinephrine

108
Q

It helps u survive, FIGHT OR FLIGHT MODE

A

epinephrine

109
Q

is the result of INADEQUATE INSULIN production by the beta cells of the pancreas

A

type 1 diabetes

110
Q

results from INSULIN RESISTANCE, a condition in which cells FAIL TO USE INSULIN PROPERLY. Bodily insulin production may be normal, but the cells DO NOT RESPOND TO IT NORMALLY

A

type 2 diabetes

111
Q

1 glucose + 1 glucose is?

A

maltose

112
Q

glucose + fructose is?

A

sucrose

113
Q

glucose + galactose is?

A

lactose

114
Q

its gonna BREAK DOWN THE COMPONENTS

A

hydrolysis

115
Q

If SUCROSE IS HYDROLYZED it is called

A

invert sugar

116
Q

it is FOUND IN FATTY TISSUES

A

glycogen

117
Q

RESERVOIR OF THE GLUCOSE or preserved glucose

A

glycogen

BIOCHEM LEC FOR RBE (9 decks)

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