Environmental Considerations & Common Medical Conditions Flashcards
1
Q
Individuals Susceptible to HEAT Illness
A
- age (very young or old)
- obese (produce 18% more heat)
- poor conditioning or acclimatization
- previous history of heat illness
- sleep deprived
- dehydration
- acute illness (fever or GI)
- chronic illness (alcoholic, cystic fibrosis, cardiac disease, skin problems, uncontrolled diabetes)
- wheelchair / SCI athletes
2
Q
define metabolic heat production
A
production and radiation of heat via metabolic function
3
Q
define radiation
A
heat gain or loss;
eg., heat gain from sunshine; loss as body tries to dissipate heat
4
Q
define conduction
A
heat gain or loss via contact with other objects (ice vs turf)
5
Q
define convection
A
heat gain or loss as air or water circulates over body
6
Q
define evaporation
A
heat loss via perspiration and evaporation (sweat 2-4 lb per 2kg/hr)
7
Q
How could you prevent heat injury?
A
- acclimatize (1-2 weeks)
- education
- unrestricted hydration
- identify people at risk
- appropriate uniforms
- weight records
- monitor heat index
- common sense
8
Q
true or false; there is no such thing as overhydration
A
false; hyponatremia -> overhydration -> skews electrolyte balance
9
Q
true or false; hyponatremia may cause brain swelling and unusual neurological responses
A
true
10
Q
S&S hyponatremia
A
- bloating/nausea
- worsening headache
- vomiting
- swelling in extremities
- lethargy
- apathy / agitation
- wheezing
- mm weakness
- spasm & fatigue
- disorientation
- At extreme: confusion, brain damage, seizure or coma, DEATH
11
Q
S&S Dehydration
A
- negative effect on performance
- thirsty
- dry mouth
- headache
- dizziness
- irritability
- lethargy
- excessive fatigue
- possible cramping
12
Q
define heat syncope and what is it caused by
A
fainting d/t heat
- blood pooling after exercise
- d/t poor acclimatization
- d/t standing in heat for too long
13
Q
S&S heat syncope
A
- light headedness
- dizziness
- nausea
- fainting
14
Q
S&S mm cramp
A
- painful/violent mm cramp in calf or abdominal mm
- sweating/fatigue
15
Q
S&S heat exhaustion
A
- profuse sweating
- weakness
- pallor
- weight loss
- low urine volume
- thirsty/dry mouth
- nausea
- headache
- increased core temperature
16
Q
true or false; heat stroke is not a medical emergency
A
false; call 9-1-1
17
Q
true or false; you can detect a heat stroke in a person when they are profusely sweating
A
false; no sweating in someone who has had a head stroke
18
Q
Individuals Susceptible to COLD Illness
A
- age (very young or old)
- prolonged exposure
- malnutrition
- some medications
- previous history of cold illness
- chronic illness (alcoholism, skin problems/burns, diabetes, hypothyroidism, Parkinson’s)
- SCI athletes
19
Q
S&S heat stroke
A
- sudden collapse
- LOC
- flushed skin
- hot skin
- shallow breathing and rapid pulse
- headache
- seizure
- change in behavior
- nausea / diarrhea
20
Q
cold injury prevention
A
- hydration (body weight records)
- education
- identify people at risk
- appropriate apparel
- monitor weather
- warm downs
- common sense
21
Q
In hypothermia, when does freezing stop?
A
29.4-32.3 degree celcius
22
Q
in hypothermia, death is imminent between ____ and ____ degrees celcius
A
25 - 29
23
Q
problems arise when heat ____ exceeds heat _____.
a) production; loss
b) loss; production
c) gain; loss
d) loss; gain
A
B
24
Q
true or false; wind and humidity affects cold temperature
A
true
25
In the event of a frost nip - bite, what must you do to manage this?
- remove from cold
- do not rub area
- submerge in water, and re-warm slowly
- refer to physician immediately
26
mild hypothermia temperature
core temperature below 35 degrees C
27
how would you manage mild hypothermia
- may be medical emergency
- remove from cold
- remove wet clothing
- re-warm slowly
- give warm liquids
- monitor vitals
28
S&S mild hypothermia
- shivering
- numbness
- lack of coordination
- confused
- unusual behavior
- slurred speech
29
S&S hypothermia
- intense uncontrollable shivering -> violent shivering
- difficulty speaking if conscious
- progress to stopping shivering, muscular rigidity, decreased coordination, confusion to amnesia
- irrational behavior
- loss of consciousness
- decreased respiration and pulse
- cardiac arrhythmias
- unconscious and unresponsive
- heart and lungs fail, hemorrhaging and death
30
what happens in altitude sickness
high altitude -> O2 decreases -> increased heart rate, increased hyperventilation -> dehydration -> sickle cell trait reaction (cells clump and destroy RBC and enlarge spleen)
31
What is the #2 cause of death by weather phenomena ?
lightning
32
true or false; people living in areas who do not get much lightning should be especially attentive because they are less aware of the dangers of lightning
true
33
true or false; once you see lightning, it has already struck
true
34
true or false; when your hand starts to stand up, you must get down on the ground and lie flat
false; do not lie flat; this increases surface area and increase liklihood of getting struck.
Instead, get down on the ground but do not lie flat
35
insulin dependent diabetes
Type 1
36
non-insulin dependent diabetes
Type II
37
Type III diabetes
associated with Alzheimer's
| brain's insulin utilization is not functioning
38
diabetes mellitus involves a complete or partial decrease in insulin secretion. What is diabetes mellitus a result of?
result of interaction between physical and environmental factors
39
true or false; you may use aspertine as an alternative to sugar for diabetics
false; do NOT use aspertine; this will not spike up blood glucose levels
40
how would you manage diabetes
- insulin
| - vigorous exercise (increases insulin action and enhances glucose tolerance)
41
S&S insulin shock
- tingling in mouth, hands, or other parts of the body
- physical weakness
- headaches
- abdominal pain
- normal or shallow respiration
- rapid heart rate
- tremors along with irritability and drowsiness
42
how would you manage insulin shock
- adhere to planned diet
| eg. , snacks before/during exercise as needed
43
what causes a diabetic coma
loss of sodium, potassium, and ketone bodies through excessive urination (ketoacidosis)
44
S&S of diabetic coma
- labored breathing
- fruity smelling breath (due to acetone)
- nausea
- vomiting
- thirst
- dry mucous membrane
- flushed skin
- mental confusion
- unconsciousness followed by coma
45
how would you manage a diabetic to prevent a diabetic coma
- insulin injections
- manage glucose levels
- detect early
46
define epilepsy
```
cerebral function disorder
characterized by
- altered consciousness
- altered motor activity
- altered sensory phenomena
- inappropriate behaviors caused by abnormal cerebral neuron discharge
```
47
define "grand-mal"
uncontrolled mm contractions (epilepsy)
48
how long do seizures last
5 - 15 seconds
49
when should you call 9-11 when someone is having a seizure
- if seizing for a minute
- no history of seizure
- if person is a stranger
50
true or false; you must attempt to restrain the person if they are having a seizure
false; do not restrain them; you could hurt them
51
what causes exercise induced asthma
mouth breathing -> bypasses nasal air conditioning -> bronchoconstriction -> exercise induced asthma
52
what is exercise induced asthma aggravated by
- cold air
- dry air
- polluted air
- allergenic filled air
53
S&S exercise induced asthma
- coughing/wheezing
- excessive spitting
- dyspnea and / or chest tightness following 6-8 min of strenuous exercise
- may hyperventilate
54
how would you manage exercise induced asthma
- avoid triggers and warm up appropriately
- cover nose and mouth to warm and humidify air
- puffers
55
the female athlete triad - etiology
trio of issues associated with
- disordered eating
- amenorrhea
- osteoporosis
56
true or false; disordered eating is NOT the same this as an eating disorder
true
