Enviromental crimes

Question 1

• “Waste Crime - Waste Risks: Gaps in Meeting the Global Waste Challenge - A Rapid Response Assessment” (2015)
• UNEP

Answer 1

• Legal framework
• Countering illegal traffic
  
  • Probo Koala incident case in 2006
• Waste management landscape
• Costs
• Cross border movement and routes
• Recommendations
  
  • Strengthen awareness, monitoring and information
  • Strengthen national legislation and enforcement capacities
  • Strengthen international treaties and compliance measures
  • Promote prevention measures and synergies

Question 2

• “Trading in waste: Integrating sustainable development goals and environmental policies in trade negotiations toward enhanced solid waste management in Pacific Islands countries and territories”
• Trisia Farrelly, Paul Schneider, Polly Stupples

Answer 2

• waste management for small islands, having to find domestic solutions to the residual waste left behind
• Trade liberalisation has a questionable track record. Increased competition can put pressure on governments to lower their environmental protection standards, as well as encouraging unsustainable practices in local businesses
• FTAs must be counterbalanced by robust environmental protection policies

Question 3

• “The Dirty Secrets of Canadian Paper Recycling” (February, 2022)
• Basel Action Network

Answer 3

• The container came from Montreal to Antwerp, on the way to India. Officially, the manifest indicates that it is mixed paper intended for recycling, but it a large amount of soft plastic, bags, packaging of little value and very difficult to recycle
• Since 4 years ago, China is radically tightening its quality requirements. It causes a global crisis in the recycling industry. Shifted to India

Question 4

• “Tunisia to return illegally imported waste to Italy” (February, 2022)
• Basel Action Network

Answer 4

• Tunisia is to return more than 280 containers of waste illegally imported from Italy in 2020 by a Tunisian company that falsely claimed that the household waste — barred from import under Tunisia law — was in fact plastic scrap to be recycled.
• 26 people are being prosecuted over their alleged involvement. In December 2021, Tunisia’s environment minister was arrested.

Question 5

• “The rise of environmental crime: A growing threat to natural resources peace, development and security” (2016)
• UNEP, INTERPOL

Answer 5

• environmental crime covers not only the illegal trade in wildlife, but also forestry and fishery crimes, illegal dumping of waste and illegal mining.
• Annual loss of resources caused by illegal trade and dumping of hazardous waste is 10–12 billion USD in 2016
• global waste sector is valued at at least USD 410 billion a year.
• by using non-hazardous waste codes for hazardous wastes or using product codes for hazardous wastes or disguised as second hand goods
• lack of resources for monitoring or control of an emerging market makes it a low-risk business for organized crime

Question 6

• “Enforcement Handbook on Controlling Illegal Shipments of Chemicals and Waste - For Asia Enforcement Officers” (2015)
• UNEP

Answer 6

• 1 general info on BRS conventions
• 2 definition and classification of chemicals and waste
• 3 illegal shipments and take-back
• 4 important waste types

Question 7

• “Guidance for prosecutors of waste crime” (April 2020)
• Waste force (supported by EU)

Answer 7

• 0 introduction
• 1 legal frameworks
• 2 enforcement policy and proceedings
• 3 investigation and evidence collection
• 4 liability
• 5 sentencing and reporting

Question 8

• “Money Laundering from Environmental Crime” (July 2021)
• FATF

Answer 8

• Environmental crime covers a wide range of activities, from illegal extraction and trade of forestry and minerals to illegal land clearance and waste trafficking.
• Environmental crime is estimated to be among the most profitable proceeds-generating crimes in the world, generating around USD 110 to 281 billion in criminal gains each year
• 4.5 case study; cooperation between fin investigators and customs in Madagascar

Question 9

• “INTERPOL Strategic Analysis Report: Emerging criminal trends in the global plastic waste market since January 2018” (August 2020)
• INTERPOL

Answer 9

• 1 overview of illegal plastic waste sector
• 2 emerging criminal trends
• 3 anticipating forthcoming risks
• 4 conclusion and recommendations
  
  • Developing risk indicators and financial investigations
  • Enhancing inter-agency responses to overcome limitations of power
  • Enhancing int’l waste traceability
  • Bringing clarity to rapidly changing import regulations

Question 10

• “Rethinking waste crime” (May 2017)
• eunomia / jacob Hayler, Roger Hewitt

Answer 10

• types of waste crimes; illegal waste site, illegal burning of waste, fly-tipping, misclassification and fraud, breached of permit conditions, illegal export of waste
• a conservative assumption that 2% of all waste exports are being undertaken illegally
• 14 reccomnatdations