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仕事のメモ > circular economy > Flashcards

circular economy Flashcards

1
Q

【Ellen MacArthur Foundation】

https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/

A
  • publicly launched in September 2010
  • to creating a circular economy, which is designed to eliminate waste and pollution, circulate products and materials
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2
Q
  • The circular economy is based on three principles
  • Definitions of CE
A
  • The circular economy is based on three principles, driven by design:
    • Eliminate waste and pollution
    • Circulate products and materials (at their highest value)
    • Regenerate nature
  • CE is defined as “It is underpinned by a transition to renewable energy and materials. Transitioning to a circular economy entails decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources. This represents a systemic shift that builds long-term resilience, generates business and economic opportunities, and provides environmental and societal benefits.”
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3
Q
  • “Completing the picture: How the circular economy tackles climate change” (2021)
  • Ellen MacArthur fundation
A
  • Concentrating on five key areas (cement, plastics, steel, aluminium, and food)
  • This paper identifies a set of CE strategies that can help tackle the climate crisis. CE is a critical step forward in addressing the remaining 45% of global emissions associated with the production of materials and goods
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4
Q
  • “Completing the picture: How the circular economy tackles climate change” (2021)
  • Ellen MacArthur Foundation
  • https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/completing-the-picture
A
  • climate targets will also require tackling the remaining 45% of emissions associated with making products (55% from energy, 45% from products)
  • out of 45% emission, 45% can be tackled by CE.
  • role of int’l institution: Enable the trade of circular products and materials / The setting of international standards on recyclability, reparability, eco-design, labelling, and materials and chemical use plays a critical enabling role
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5
Q

【Chatham Hourse】

https://www.chathamhouse.org/

A
  • Royal Institute of International Affairs, is an independent policy institute headquartered in London established in 1920
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6
Q
  • “Circular economy conference 2022” (24 FEBRUARY 2022)
  • https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/all/research-event/circular-economy-conference-2022
A
  • Astrid Schomaker / Director, Green Diplomacy and Multilateralism, Directorate General for Environment, European Commission
  • Professor Carlton Waterhouse / Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Land and Emergency Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  • Kari Herlevi /Project Director, The Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra
    • Dr Jack Barrie / Research Fellow, Environment and Society Programme
  • Dr Patrick Schröder / Senior Research Fellow, Environment and Society Programme
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7
Q
  • “Circular Economy Trade Data Explorer”
  • https://circulareconomy.earth/trade
  • https://sdg.iisd.org/news/chatham-house-launches-online-tool-to-track-circular-economy-trade-flows/
A
  • The circular economy trade data explorer uses the available data from UN Comtrade, and focuses on resources which are of particular significance to the circular economy.
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8
Q
  • “The circularity divide: What is it? And how do we avoid it?’ (2022)
  • Jack Barrie, Manisha Anantharaman, Muyiwa Oyinlola, Patrick Schroder
A
  • These existing inequities will enable developed countries to transition to a circular economy more rapidly than less developed countries thereby creating a circularity divide
  • How can the circularity divide be avoided?; 1) Greater multilateral collaboration and coordination, 2) Bridging the digital skills gap, 3) International policy coordination and capacity building on new ambitious circularity standards, such as the EU Sustainable Products Initiative
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9
Q
  • “Circular Economy and International Trade: a Systematic Literature Review ” (July 2021)
  • Jack Barrie, Patrick Schröder
A
  • Policy actions include the development and harmonization of CE standards and definitions, upgrading HS of codes structure and customs processes to better enable trade in CE goods and services and mainstreaming circular economy objectives in FTAs
  • current research
    • exploring interlinkages between CE and international trade
    • impact of CE trade on low-income countries
    • illegal waste trade and how to address this issue
    • role of FTAs
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10
Q
  • “A Wider Circle? The Circular Economy in Developing Countries” (December 2017)
  • Chatham house / Felix Preston, Johanna Lehne
A
  • Lower-income countries are in many ways more ‘circular’ than their developed counterparts – the question is how to turn this into a development opportunity.
  • CE concept might be best articulated as an industrialization strategy that helps safeguard development gains
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11
Q

【AmCham EU】

American Chamber of Commerce to the European

https://www.amchameu.eu/

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12
Q
A
  • Support models and practices that expand the useful life of products
    • Encourage remanufactured goods that are made to last,
    • Leverage the potential of professional reuse, repair and refurbishment
    • Facilitate the circular economy for used components, parts and products, allowing the cross-border movement of these goods to professional repair facilities
  • the harmonization of end-of-waste definitions will encourage the use of secondary raw materials in consumer products
  • Provide market surveillance and law enforcement authorities with sufficient capabilities to enforce product regulations and environmental standards
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13
Q

EU - Viet Nam FTA

A
  • Article 2.6 Remanufactured Goods
  • The Parties shall accord to remanufactured goods the same treatment as that accorded to new like goods. A Party may require specific labelling of remanufactured goods in order to prevent deception of consumers. Each Party shall implement this Article within a transitional period of no longer than three years from the date of entry into force of this Agreement.
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14
Q

“remanufactured goods” in TPP

A
  • Article 1.3: General Definitions
  • remanufactured good means a good classified in HS Chapters 84 through 90 or under heading 94.02 except goods -, that is entirely or partially composed of recovered materials and:
    (a) has a similar life expectancy and performs the same as or similar to such a good when new; and
    (b) has a factory warranty similar to that applicable to such a good when new;
  • Article 2.11: Remanufactured Goods
    1. For greater certainty, Article 2.10.1 (Import and Export Restrictions) shall apply to prohibitions and restrictions on the importation of remanufactured goods.
    1. If a Party adopts or maintains measures prohibiting or restricting the importation of used goods, it shall not apply those measures to remanufactured goods
  • ANNEX 2-B REMANUFACTURED GOODS
    1. Article 2.11.2 (Remanufactured Goods) shall not apply to measures of Viet Nam prohibiting or restricting the importation of remanufactured goods for three years -
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15
Q
A
  • Remanufactured products: as good as new
    • some countries have laws and customs regimes that prohibit the ability to sell remanufactured parts
    • remove trade barriers on remanufactured products, for example by following in the footsteps of the TPP and the EU-Vietnam FTA.
  • Retreaded tyres: lasting longer, going further
    • The lack of a harmonised EU non-waste status for casings suitable for retreading needs to be addressed to help support this activity
    • harmonise end-of-waste criteria to avoid national distortions on the EU market for secondary goods
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16
Q
A
  • The “2021 Circularity Gap Report” states the global economy is only 8.6 per cent circular
  • The ILO already estimates a global net increase of jobs from 7-8 million by 2030 due to shifts towards circular economy.
  • This requires a mindset shift from thinking of end-of-life products as discardable ‘trash’ to instead being a valuable source of materials.
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17
Q
A
  • there is no global standard definition on what a ‘circular good or service’ is, which makes it nearly impossible to develop shared trade rules and customs duties.
  • Three specific technological trends are set to have an impact on the role of trade in a just circular transition, namely: increasing supply chain transparency and product life cycle information; localized material sourcing and manufacturing; and enhanced product repair and secondary material recovery.
  • The third trend is the development of technologies that facilitate repair, refurbishment, re-manufacturing and recycling activities.
18
Q

【IEEP / Institute of European Environmental Policy】

https://ieep.eu/

A
  • an independent, not for profit policy studies institute, a green think tank for the analysis and development of environmental policy in Europe and beyond, based in Brussels
  • originally established in Bonn in 1976
19
Q
A
  • The EU’s transition to a circular economy promotes the reuse and repair of products and, finally, the reintroduction of high-quality recycled materials into the economy.
  • The lack of international standards for waste quality are creating a barrier for recycling efforts
  • The lack of international consensus on the definition of waste hinders circularity in the global context. Rules on end-of-waste are not harmonised, either in the EU or at the international level
  • To date, the circular economy is explicitly mentioned only in 2 agreements (EU-Mexico, EU-NZ), both of which are still under negotiation
20
Q
  • “EU trade in support of a circular economy”
  • Think 2030 / Marianne Kettunen
A
  • EU’ CEAP foresees a significant improvement of the sustain-ability standards of products put on the EU market
  • HS 3915 (waste, parings and scrap of plastics), HS8548 (e-waste: Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators; spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators; electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, not specified or included elsewhere), HS 6309 (textiles: worn clothing and other worn articles)
  • Policy recommendations: 1) Agree on circular product standards and necessary definitions, 2) Facilitate trade in CE services,3) Encourage FDI in CE
21
Q
  • “Environmental credentials of EU trade policy” (April 2021)
  • IEEP / Eline Blot, Marianne Kettunen
A
  • comparative anaysis on EU FTAs (Canada, Korea, Andean, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, Mercosur, Mexico, Indonesia, Australia, NZ)
  • refering to MEAs (UNFCCC, Paris, Kyoto, Montreal, CBD, CITES)
  • SIA (sustanability impact assessments)
22
Q
  • The Green Trade Network
  • Created in early 2022
  • https://ieep.eu/news/the-green-trade-network
A
  • a group of policy experts from 20+ European research organizations, ranging from think tanks to NGOs and academia
  • Every two months, we offer a selection of the most important news on the trade and environment nexus
23
Q

【PACE / Platform for Accelerating Circular Economy】

https://pacecircular.org/

A
  • PACE was created in 2018 by the World Economic Forum and is now hosted by the World Resources Institute
  • based in in Hague, Netherlands
24
Q
A
  • Only 8.6% make it back into our economy. And it’s getting worse: in only two years, global circularity wilted from 9.1% in 2018 to 8.6% in 2020.
  • 70% of all global greenhouse gas emissions are related to material handling and use.
  • CE provides a framework for decoupling growth from material extractions.
25
Q
  • Circular Economy Action Agenda
  • https://pacecircular.org/action-agenda
A
  • Food, Textiles, Plastics, Electronics, Capital Equipment
26
Q

【Basel Action Network (BAN) 】

https://www.ban.org/

A
  • Jim Puckett, Executive Director and Founder
  • BAN serves as an unofficial watchdog and promoter of the Basel Convention and its decisions
  • established in 1997 in Seattle, US
27
Q
A
  • On paper, they are meant to be repaired and resold as second-hand goods at affordable prices in the destination countries. In reality, most are stripped for their valuable components and metals and dumped in Agbogbloshie for the poorest of the poor to sift through and burn.
  • a Swiss-Ghanaian proposal aims to fill some the gaps of the original text. In July, treaty members will decide whether to make it tougher for countries to dump e-waste, even if they do not contain hazardous substances.
  • The so-called “repairable loophole” allows traders to export non-functional electrical and electronic equipment by claiming they are not waste because there is an intention to repair them in the destination country.
28
Q

【IISD / International Institute for Sustainable Development】

https://enb.iisd.org/

A
  • an independent think tank founded in 1990
  • 3 offices in Canada - Winnipeg, Ottawa, and Toronto, and 1 office in Geneva
  • EDB (earth negotiation ebullition)
29
Q

【OECD】

A
30
Q
  • “international trade and circulr economy - policy alignment” (Febraury 2021)
  • Shunta Yamaguchi
  • https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/international-trade-and-circular-economy-policy-alignment_ae4a2176-en
A
    1. Introduction
    1. What is the circular economy concept?
    1. What are the interlinkages between circular economy and trade?
    1. Trade and circular economy policy interaction
      * 4.2 CE policies: EPR) and product stewardship schemes, landfill taxes and bans, virgin material tax, eco-design, material content, secondary certification, green public procurement, other taxes, other support measures, reparability standards
    1. Towards a mutually supportive agenda
31
Q
  • “Digitalisation for the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy” (March 2022)
  • Eva Barteková, Peter Börkey
A
  • Digital technologies can help to address market failures and to scale the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy: Imperfect information, Transaction costs, Consumption externalities and risk aversion, Technological externalities
    1. Digitalisation and digital technologies
    1. The role of digitalisation in lifting obstacles to a resource efficient and circular economy transition
    1. The role of digital technologies in supporting the effective delivery of circular economy policies
    1. Unintended consequences of digitalisation of the circular economy
      * just as digital technologies can help improving efficiency in circular economy, they also push linear economy
    1. Digital circular economy and policy implications
32
Q
  • “Summary report; OECD Workshop on International Trade and Circular Economy” (26-27 February, 2020)
  • https://www.oecd.org/env/workshop-trade-circular-economy-summary-report.pdf
A
  • Part 1 - Interlinkages of international trade and CE
  • S1: What is CE and why does trade matter?
  • S2: What are the impacts of a CE transition on global supply chains and trade?
  • S3: How should trade in waste, scrap and secondary materials be facilitated and controlled?
  • S4: How does trade relate to goods for refurbishment and remanufacturing, and second-hand products?
  • Part 2 - Scaling up CE through trade - towards a mutually supportive agenda
  • S5: What is the role of standards?
  • S6: What are the new and emerging opportunities for trade and CE?
  • S7: What is the role for international co-operation?
33
Q

【WTO】

A
34
Q
  • “Trade policies for a circular economy: What can we learn from wto experience?” (June 2020)
  • Karsten Steinfatt
A
    1. role of trade and trade policies in creating a more CE
      * Figure 1. measured related CE: reuse/repair, remanufacturing, recycling
      * Box4. Brazil - tyre case (DS332)
    1. WTO experience relevant to CE
      * 3.2 TBT com discuss STC (soecfuc trade concerns) including unwanted wastes
      * 3.3.1. remanufactured goods
  • WTO enviromental database (https://edb.wto.org/): around 7,000 notifications so far
35
Q
  • “Typology of Environment-related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements” (August 2016)
  • José-Antonio Monteiro
A
  • domestic env laws and policies
  • MEA and int’l instruments
  • IPR, biodiversity and tradisitonal knowledge
  • trade in env-related goods, services and technologies
  • natural resources management and specific issue
  • env. governance and procedural env right
  • env cooperation
  • institutional arrangements
  • consultations procedures
  • DS procedures
36
Q

【その他】

A
37
Q
  • 「サーキュラーエコノミー時代におけるリサイクルが素材産業へ及ぼす影響」（KPMG、2022年1月）
  • 河野雄貴、堀内陽介
  • https://home.kpmg/jp/ja/home/insights/2022/01/circular-economy.html
A
  • 廃棄物の回収・分解・再利用などを行う産業を「静脈産業」
  • 自社の競争力の源泉となる設計情報を廃棄物回収業者、解体業者、リサイクル業者などに積極的にオープンすることは、一般的には消極的
  • CEでは、リユース、リファービッシュ（中古品を製造元が修理・整備して再販売すること）を優先して製品の再利用
  • 素材メーカーが製品のサービス化を実施するためには、自社製品の顧客の設計・仕様情報、マーケティングに関するデータを共有・活用が必要。しかし、顧客にとって機密性の高い
38
Q
  • sustainable development goals (SDGs)
  • set up in 2015 by UN General Assembly, intended to be achieved by 2030
  • 17 goals, so called “Agenda 2030”
A
  • 17 SDGs: (1) No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and Well-being, (4) Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, (10) Reduced Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and Production, (13) Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the Goals.
  • CE related goals; #8.4 “global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation” and #12.2 “the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources by 2030”
39
Q
  • “Globalize the circular economy” (January 2019)
  • Yong Geng, Joseph Sarkis, Raimund Bleischwitz
A
  • Just 6% of materials are recycled
  • Accurate, traceable and secure data about the flows and stocks of most materials, and on the costs and efficiencies of industrial processes, are scarce.
  • 1, global database should be set up to capture links between resource uses
  • 2, global platform should be established for sharing knowledge about the circular economy
  • 3, international alliances are needed to promote large-scale experimentation
  • 4, standards for performance measurement, reporting, accounting and future products need to be developed and harmonized
  • 5, policymakers should develop ways to enforce regulations, settle disputes and implement sanctions on a global scale
40
Q
  • 「脱炭素通信vol7 循環型社会とゼロエミッション」
  • 三井住友トラストアセットマネージメント
A
  • 「ゼロエミッション」とは、廃棄物を限りなくゼロにすることを目指す循環型社会システムのこと。1994年に国際連合大学が提唱
  • ISO14001。「環境マネジメントシステム」に対するISO認証。公共工事の入札要件になることも
  • ゼロエミッション・チャレンジ企業は、600社以上

仕事のメモ (16 decks)

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