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Veterinary Bacteriology & Mycology > Enterobacter & Citrobacter > Flashcards

Enterobacter & Citrobacter Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 Enterobacter species of veterinary importance?

A
  1. E. cloacae - AMR (ESKAPE)
  2. E. sakazakii - contaminates infant powder formula, causing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis
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2
Q

What are the 3 major characteristics of Enterobacter?

A
  1. lactose fermenter
  2. urease negative
  3. motile by peritrichous flagella
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3
Q

What 2 culture media are best for Enterobacter isolation and differentiation?

A
  1. MacConkey agar - lactose fermenter = purple
  2. blood agar - fecal odor
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4
Q

What are the 4 most common habitats of Enterobacter?

A
  1. digestive tract, vulva, and oral cavity of animal hosts
  2. clinical/hospital environments (patients, health care staff, equipment)
  3. home and industrial environments
  4. food, water, sewage, soil, plants, feces
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5
Q

What 7 virulence factors affect Enterobacter’s pathogenicity?

A
  1. flagella - motility, biofilm formation, protein export, adhesion
  2. LPS - endotoxin
  3. type 3 secretion system
  4. α-hemolysins
  5. thiol-activated pore-forming cytotoxins
  6. siderophores - iron robbing from host cells
  7. multi-drug resistance plasmids
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6
Q

What 2 genes are present in Enterobacter cloacae that is causing the emergence of multi-drug resistance?

A
  1. ESBL - confer resistance to most β-lactams
  2. bla(KPC) - resistance to last-resort carbapenems

(ESKAPE)

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7
Q

Under what conditions will Enterobacter cause disease? What 5 diseases are most common?

A

in immunocompromised patients

  1. UTI
  2. intra-abdominal infection
  3. pneumonia
  4. bacteremia/septicemia
  5. wound infection
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8
Q

What biochemical tests are used to identify Enterobacter after isolation?

A
  • Gram -
  • oxidase -
  • MacConkey agar lactose fermenter
  • TSI CO2 gas
  • motility +
  • urease -
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9
Q

What 3 species of Citrobacter are of veterinary importance?

A
  1. C. freundii
  2. C. koseri
  3. C. diversus
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10
Q

What are 5 important characteristics of Citrobacter?

A
  1. Gram-negative rod
  2. motile via peritrichous flagella (H antigen)
  3. SLOW lactose fermenter (coliform)
  4. produce black H2S on TSI agar
  5. urease positive
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11
Q

What is the sole source of carbon used by Citrobacter?

A

citrate

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12
Q

What can Citrobacter be used as an indicator of?

A

continually excreted with feces from humans and animals - fecal material contamination in the environment, water, and feed/food

(liker Enterococcus and Proteus)

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13
Q

What is the main habitat of Enterobacter?

A

digestive tract, vulva, and oral cavity of vertebrates and invertebrates

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14
Q

What are 6 major virulence factors that affect the pathogenicity of Citrobacter?

A
  1. adhesins
  2. motility
  3. biofilm formation
  4. immunoavoidance
  5. toxins
  6. nutrient/iron acquisition
  7. type 3 secretion system - intimate attachment to manipulated epithelial surface
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15
Q

What are the 3 major host ranges of Citrobacter?

A
  1. humans (zoonotic)
  2. animals
  3. aquatic species and reptiles (catfish, rainbow trout, turtles)
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16
Q

Citrobacter are rare opportunistic nosocomial bacteria. What are 7 common diseases it causes?

A
  1. enteritis and intra-abdominal sepsis
  2. UTI
  3. endocarditis
  4. pneumonia
  5. brain abscesses
  6. septicemia in neonatal infections with aggressive meningitis, sepsis, and multiple abscesses in the brian and joints
  7. wound infections

(colonize 4 tubular organs)

17
Q

What is a rare presentation of Citrobacter infection?

A

bulla formation (large air-filled spaces)

18
Q

What are 5 specific signs of Citrobacter infection in reptiles?

A
  1. septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in turtles
  2. petechiae on carapace/shell and skin
  3. anorexia
  4. lethargy
  5. liver necrosis
19
Q

Citrobacter, septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease:

A
20
Q

Citrobacter, subcutaneous abscesses:

A
21
Q

What is a common sign of Citrobacter infection in fish?

A

ulcerative disease with rotten and necrotic muscle

22
Q

In what environment is Citrobacter infections most common?

A
  • aquacultures
  • reptile breeding facilities

major problem in aquatic animals (fish) and reptiles

23
Q

What biochemical tests can be done to differentiate Citrobacter after isolation?

A
  • Gram -
  • oxidase -
  • MacConkey agar lactose fermenter
  • TSI H2S gas
  • motility +
  • urease +
24
Q

How does Citrobacter infection generally present in humans and fishes/reptiles?

A

bulla formation

ulcerative dermatitis

Veterinary Bacteriology & Mycology (47 decks)

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