Bordetella Flashcards
What are the 2 significant species of Bordetella?
- B. bronchiseptica - affects many animals and is a secondary pathogens in humans
- B. avium - fowl
What are 3 major aspects of Bordetella bronchiseptica structure?
- Gram negative cocoobacillus
- may stain bipolar
- very motile - lots of flagella
What fermentation does Bordetella bronchiseptica undergo?
non-sacchrolytic (doesn’t utilize sugars) and non-fermentative —> ferment amino acids like sulfur and nitrogen, which increases the pH of the environment
(nothing happens on TSI)
How does Bordetella bronchiseptica react to urease, oxidase, and catalase tests?
urease, oxidase, and catalase positive
What media is Bordetella bronchiseptica able to grow on?
MacConkey and blood agar
Where does Bordetella bronchiseptica infect? How is it transmitted?
obligate parasite of the upper respiratory tract of mammals
aerosol —> strict aerobe
What disease does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in dogs? How does it cause this disease?
Kennel cough (tracheobronchitis), pneumonia secondary to viral infection
- attaches to epithelial cilia of the respiratory tract
- produces toxins that kill the ciliated cells, which deteach and cause inflammation
- this causes mucus to accumulate, causing a chronic cough
What predilection does Bordetella bronchiseptica have?
cilia —> rarely bound to aciliated cells or aciliated portions of ciliated cells
What is characteristic of kennel cough?
dry hacking that may last for weeks
- runny nose
- sneeze
- vomiting
What are animals with kennel cough typically co-infected with? What can this progress into?
distemper or other respiratory agents, like parainfluenza
development of pneumonia
What infection does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in swine? Where is this infection centered? What does this cause?
swine atrophic rhinitis (sow most common source)
turbinates
toxins cause maxilla to shorten and twist the snout to the side
When is Bordetella bronchiseptica infection common in piglets? What does this cause?
winter months
primary bronchopneumonia - respiratory distress and cough with a high morbidity and mortality
(avirulent live culture vaccine available —> able to produce toxins)
What is Bordetella bronchiseptica associated with in cats? What 2 viral infections is it related to?
upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), with trachebronchitis, conjunctivitis, or pneumonia
- symptoms are mild and tend to disappear in 10 days
- life-threatening in young kittens
- feline calicivirus (FCV)
- feline herpesvirus (FHV)
What allows for Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in other animals?
stress, immunocompromised, other respiratory infection
- respiratory disease in rodents
- systemic and respiratory infections in compromised humans (AIDS)
ZOONOTIC
What are the 3 major compromising factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection?
- previous or co-infection of respiratory tract with other bacteria/viral agents (canine influenza, FCV, FHV, Pateurella multocida)
- crowding (highly contagious!)
- inclement weather
What 2 adherence factors and exotoxin does Bordettella bronchiseptica have?
- fimbriae (pili)
- filamentous hemaglutinin - required for colonization and to establish infection in the upper respiratory tract
dermonectrotic toxin (different from but synergystic to Pasteurella multocida) - causes inflammation and ciliary stasis
What is the adenylate cyclase hemolysin produced by Bordetella bronchiseptica? What other 2 toxins does it have?
RTX toxin that may have hemolytic activity and inhibits phagocytosis and bacterial killing
- osteotoxin
- tracheal cytotoxin
What is the purpose of the LPS of Bordetella bronchiseptica? What is its motility like?
lipid A may contribute to inflammation
highly motile - flagella regulated by two-component sensory transduction bvg locus on a pathogenicity island
What is the most important aspect of immunity against Bordetella bronchiseptica? What other 3 aspects are helpful?
antibodies against pili —> blocks adherence and infection before disease begins
- mucosal immunity (IgA) in upper respiratory tract dogs
- colostral antibody in piglets from immunized sows
- antibodies to toxins can protect against lesion development
What specimens should be collected from dogs and swine for Bordetella bronchiseptica isolation? What should it be cultured on?
DOGS: transtracheal aspiration or bronchoscopy
SWINE: nasal swab on selective medium
MacConkey, TSI -, urea +
- PCR or MALDI-TOF can confirm
What are 3 options for vaccination against Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- bacterins
- live attenuated vaccines given intranasally = effective (inoculates at the site of infection), but may only decrease disease severity
- subunit vaccine (pili)
How is the spread of Bordetella bronchiseptica controlled?
- mild cases not treated
- isolation warranted until shedding ceases
What are 4 important characteristics of Bordetella avium?
- Gram-negative coccobacillus
- may stain bipolar
- motile (flagella)
- strict aerobe
There are 2 colony types of Bordetella avium. Which one causes disease?
type 2
What fermentation does Bordetella avium undergo? How does it differ from Bordetella bronchiseptica?
nonsaccharolytic - oxidizes organic sulfur and nitrogen (amino acids)
urea -
What disease does Bordetella avium cause in turkey? How is it typically transmitted?
turkey coryza - infectious respiratory disease (can also infect chickens)
dust, aerosol (highly contagious)
What is the pathogenesis of Bordetella avium?
- bacteria colonize ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract
- ciliated cells die and detach in response to toxin release
- thie resulting inflammation allows mucus to accumulate
What are the most common clinical signs of turkey coryza? At what age is infection most common?
- coughing
- conjunctivitis
- facial, wattle, and eyelid swelling
- nasal discharge
- rales
- high morbidity AND mortality
10-12 week poults
What are some differentials of turkey coryza?
- Pasteurella multocida (fowl cholera)
- Avibacterium paragallinarum (fowl coryza)
- Newcastle disease
- infectious bronchitis
- avian influenza
- avian metapneumovirus
- mycoplasma
- infectious laryngotracheitis
What adherence factors and exo/endotoxins does Bordetella avium have?
- fimbriae (pili): required for colonization and to establish infection in the upper respiratory tract
- dermonecrotic toxin: causes inflammation and ciliary stasis
- tracheal cytotoxin
- hemaglutinin
- LPS: lipid A —> inflammation
What are 3 predisposing factors to Bordetella avium infection?
- dust
- overcrowding (high transmission rate)
- previous respiratory infection
What 2 aspects of immunity is necessary for Bordetella avium protection?
- mucosal IgA - prevents colonization
- serum antibodies to toxins - protects against disease
What 3 aspects of Bordetella avium are used for diagnosis?
- grows on MacConkey agar
- nonsaccharolytic
- urease - (unlike B. bronchoseptica)
What vaccines are available against Bordetella avium?
- live, attenuated vaccines (most effective)
- bacterins(?)
(vaccine given in water)
Bordetella summary:
