Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Revision > ENT Investigations and Management > Flashcards

ENT Investigations and Management Flashcards

1
Q

Tonsillitis investigations

A

None (throat swab not recommended)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bacterial tonsillitis criteria

A

Centor

Fever PAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacterial tonsillitis management

A

Penicillin (clarithromycin if allergic)

If severe: IV fluids, IV antibiotics, steroids

Only need admission if can’t eat or drink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tonsillectomy criteria

A
  1. Sore throats are due to tonsillitis
  2. Episodes of sore throat are disabling and prevent normal functioning
  3. 7 or more in past year OR
  4. 5 or more each of the past 2 years OR
  5. 3 or more each of the past 3 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Peritonsillar abscess management

A

Aspiration and antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Infectious mononucleosis investigations

A

Atypical lymphocytes in peripheral blood
+ve monospot/Paul-bunnel test (heterophile antibody tests)
Low CRP
EBV IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Infectious mononucleosis management

A

Supportive management
Antibiotics in secondary bacterial infection
Maybe steroids if severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glue ear investigations

A

“age appropriate hearing assessment”
Audiometry
Tympanometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glue ear management

A

Review at 3 months with otoscopy, audiometry and tympanometry

May try autoinflation
If persistent for >3/12 with symptoms:
<3 years - grommets
>3 years, first intervention - grommets
>3 years, second intervention - grommets and adenoidectomy

If nasal syptoms, adenoidectomy may be considered earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Referral criteria for OME

A 
Bilateral OME for 3 months 
CHL>25dB
Speech/language problems
Developmental behavioural problems
Basically if symptoms persist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Management of airway obstruction

A 
ABCDE
Oxygen/heliox
Steroid
Nebulised adrenaline
Flexible fibre-optic endoscopy
ET tube (first line)
Emerency needle cricothyroidotomy (temporary measure pending tracheostomy, only works for 30-45 mins as CO2 builds up)
Tracheostomy

Treat underlying pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What may you need to give before airway endoscopy?

A

General anaesthesis (gas - sevoflurane. IV - propofol, remifentanyl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Otitis externa management

A

Mild - acetic acid spray (Ear Calm) continuing 2 days after resolution
Moderate - sofradex or otomise (antibiotic and steroid) spray
Don’t swab

Severe - oral or IV antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Otitis media management

A

Most will resolve without antibiotics
Consider if otorrhoea

1st line amoxicillin
2nd line clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tympanic membrane perforation management

A

Nothing, usually heals spontaneously

Requires surgery if doesn’t heal (myringoplasty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Management of cholesteatoma

A

Mastoid surgery (mastoidectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mastoiditis management

A

IV antbiotics
Middle ear drainage (myringotomy)
Mastoidectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Otosclerosis investigation

A

Audiometry with masked bone conduction shows a dip at 2kHz (Cahart’s notch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Otosclerosis management

A

Stapedectomy

Or hearing aid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vestibular schwannoma investigation

A

MRI scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Septal haematoma management

A

Incision, drainage and packing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nasal fracture investigations

A

None - clinical diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nasal fracture management

A

Treat any symptoms
Reasses 5-7 days post-injury
Consider digital manipulation under anaesthetic within 3 weeks (10-14 days in handbook)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Epistaxis first aid management

A 
Local treatment
External pressure to nose
Ice
Cautery
Nasal packing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Epistaxis specialist management

A

Resus on arrival if necessary
Pressure, ice, topical vasoconstrictor with maybe local anaesthetic
Remove clot (suction/nose blowing)
Anterior rhinoscopy
Cauterise vessel: silver nitrate/diathermy
Use rapid rhino pack if bleeding continues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Management of epistaxis controlled with initial specialist management

A

Arrange admission if packed/poor social circumstances
FBC, G&S (group and save)
NO SEDATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Management of epistaxis not controlled with initial specialist management

A 
Arterial ligation
Maybe embolisation (can cause stroke)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Management of CSF leak

A

Often settle spontaneously

Need repair if lasting for 10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Management of pinna haematoma

A

Aspiration OR
Incision and drainage OR
Pressure dressing

No good evidence which technique is best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Management of pinna lacerations

A

Debridement
Close (primary or reconstruction)
Local anaesthetic
Antibiotics if exposed cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Temporal bone fracture investigation

A

Axial CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Temporal bone fracture management

A

Often delayed as polytrauma
Facial nerve decompression if no recovery and EMG studies
CSF leak, most settle but need repair
May need hearing restoration (hearing aid or ossiculoplasty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Difference between immediate and delayed facial paralysis in temporal bone fracture

A

Immediate - disruption to facial nerve by fracture that can be treated.
Delayed - likely swelling causing it which will improve with time

34
Q

Management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss

A

Steroid
Urgent referral to ENT
If no improvement then intra-tympanic steroids

35
Q

Foreign body in ear management

A

Can wait till urgent clinic
Remove watch batteries immediately
Drown live animals with oil which can be removed the next day

36
Q

Management of neck injury that has not gone through the platysma

A

Just stitch it up

37
Q

Neck trauma investigations

A 
FBC, G&amp;S/cross matching
AP/lateral neck x-ray (foreign body?)
CXR (haemopneumothorax, emphysema)
CT angiogram (vascular, pseudoaneurysm, laryngeal, aerodigestive tract)
MR angiogram
38
Q

Neck trauma management

A

Urgent exploration - expanding haematoma, hypovolaemic shock, airway obstruction, blood in aerodigestive tract
Laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, pharyngoscopy and oesophagoscopy
Angiography - embolise

39
Q

Deep space neck infection investigation

A

CT

40
Q

Deep space neck infection management

A

Fluid resus
IV antibiotics
Incision and drainage of neck space

41
Q

Orbital blowout fracture investigation

A

CT sinuses (tear drop sign)

42
Q

Orbital blowout fracture management

A

Conservative

Surgical repair of bony walls if: entrapment, large defect, significant enophthalmos

43
Q

Le fort fracture investigation

A

CT

44
Q

Le fort fracture management

A

Surgery

45
Q

Ageing cosmetic treatment ladder

A 
Botulinum toxin
Fillers
Blepharoplasty
Skin rejuvenation
Face lift
46
Q

Skin and soft tissue reconstruction options

A

Primary closure
Healing by secondary intention
Skin grafts
Skin flaps

47
Q

What is used to harvest skin in skin grafts?

A

Dermatome

48
Q

Investigation for laryngeal cancer

A

Ultrasound and FNA
Laryngoscopy and biopsy
HPV status
CT/MRI for staging

49
Q

Investigation for salivary gland tumour

A 
US
FNA
CT (staging)
MRI (deep lobe)
PET (metastatic nodes)
50
Q

Minimally invasive technique for parotidectomy

A

Facelift approach

51
Q

Indications of transoral robotic surgery

A

Tonsil cancer
Laryngeal cancer
Pharyngeal cancer
Tongue cancer

52
Q

Laryngeal cancer management

A

Radical radiotherapy for small tumours

Larger tumours treated with laryngectomy and block dissection of neck glands

53
Q

Oropharyngeal cancer investigations

A

Forceps biopsy of lesion

CT/PET CT of neck

54
Q

Orophayngeal cancer management

A

Surgery and radiotherapy (either first line in early cancer)

55
Q

General management of salivary gland tumours

A

Surgery

Radiotherapy

56
Q

Management of pleomorphic adenoma

A

Surgical removal

57
Q

Management of warthins tumour

A

Partial parotidectomy

58
Q

Management of mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

Low grade - excision

High grade - excision and radiotherapy

59
Q

Management of adenoid cystic carcinoma

A

Surgical excision and post-operative radiotherapy

60
Q

Pain management where oral route no-longer an option

A

Syringe driver

Transdermal patch

61
Q

Palliative management of stridor

A

Active sedation

62
Q

Palliative management of major haemorrhage

A

Large doses of midazolam IM or IV

Don’t leave patient alone

63
Q

Rhinitis examination

A

Airway patency
External nose
Rhinoscopy

64
Q

Allergic rhinitis management

A

Allergen avoidance
Nasal irrigation
1. Intranasal antihistamine/oral antihistamine
2. Intranasal steroid

65
Q

Nasal polyps management (commoner in non-allergic asthma)

A

Steroid drops for 6 weeks then long term nasal spray

If no better then endoscopic sinus surgery

66
Q

Acute infective rhinosinusitis management

A

Analgesics and decongestants (98% are viral)

If persisting/worsening add antibiotic

67
Q

Potential allergy testing

A

Skin prick tests
RAST (IgE levels)
(I don’t think you do these unless clinical suspicion)

68
Q

Vasomotor rhinitis management

A

Topical anticholinergic

69
Q

Management of unilateral nasal discharge

A

Refer urgently

In a young child it might be foreign body
In adult it might be nasal or paranasal tumour

70
Q

BPPV investigation

A

Dix-hallpike test

71
Q

BPPV management

A

Epley manoeuvre
Semont manoeuvre
Brandt-Daroff exercises

72
Q

Vestibular neuronitis/labyrinthitis management

A

Supportive management with vestibular sedatives
Prolonged or atypical then may require further investigation
Rehab exercises if prolonged

73
Q

Menieres disease investigation

A

Audiometry

74
Q

Menieres disease management

A 
Supportive during episodes
Tinnitus therapy
Hearing aids
Grommet insertion (meniette)
Intratympanic steroid/gentamicin
Surgery e.g. labyrinthectomy/vestibular nerve section
75
Q

Diphtheria management

A

Antitoxin and supportive

Penicillin/erythromycin

76
Q

Candida throat infection management

A

Nystatin or fluconazole

77
Q

Malignant otitis (basically osteomyelitis) investigations

A

PV/CRP
radiological imaging
Biopsy and culture

78
Q

Malignant otitis management

A

Ciprofloxacin PO or piperacillin/tazobactam IV

79
Q

Fungal otitis externa management

A

Topical clotrimazole

80
Q

Acute sinusitis management

A

1st line - phenoxymethypenicillin

2nd line - doxycycline (not in children)

Year 2 Revision (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions