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PII > ENT Infections > Flashcards

ENT Infections Flashcards

1
Q

top two causes of otitis media (if child is not vaccinated, these two are at top of list)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type B

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2
Q

most common cause of otitis media in vaccinated children

A

non-typeable H. influenzae

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3
Q

Ab treatment for otitis media

A

Amoxicillin

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4
Q

physical treatment for otitis media

A

tympanostomy tubes

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5
Q

main 2 viruses that cause rhinosinusitis

A

rhinovirus
influenza

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6
Q

main 2 bacteria that cause rhinosinusitis

A

S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae

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7
Q

to treat rhinosinusitis

A

pseudoephedrine(relieves congestion)
amoxicillin (if bacterial)

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8
Q

2 main viruses that cause the common cold (rhinitis/rhinorrhea)

A

rhinovirus and coronavirus

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9
Q

rhinovirus structure

A

+ssRNA
naked capsule(stable)
VP1(VAP) binds ICAM-1

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10
Q

what promotes the spread of rhinovirus by increasing ICAM-1 availability

A

cytokines

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11
Q

why do I always get a cold?

A

b/c rhinovirus has over 100 serotypes

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12
Q

how to treat and prevent the common cold:

A

treat sx’s
wash hands

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13
Q

both rhinovirus and coronavirus are limited to what part of body to replicate

A

URT
(b/c acid labile)

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14
Q

rhinovirus vs coronavirus structure

A

rhino-naked capsule
corona- enveloped

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15
Q

seal-like barking cough, stridor (high-pitched wheeze); swelling of larynx

A

Croup

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16
Q

main viral cause of croup

A

Parainfluenza

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17
Q

to treat croup

A

dexamethasone (corticosteroid for inflammation)

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18
Q

most common cause of pharyngitis (3 viruses)

A

EBV, Enterovirus, adenovirus

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19
Q

bacterial cause of pharyngitis

A

S. pyogenes (Group A Strep)

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20
Q

erythema/edema of pharynx, exudates present, NO COUGH

A

pharyngitis

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21
Q

cause of mononucleosis; B cell reservoir; dsDNA virus; heterophile Ab +; atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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22
Q

+ ssRNA, not enveloped; this virus can give you rash inside mouth (herpangina)

A

Enterovirus

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23
Q

dsDNA, non-enveloped; URT; reservoir is public swimming pools; pharyngitis accompanied by conjunctiva

A

Adenovirus

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24
Q

to diagnose and treat adenovirus

A

PCR
hand wash

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25
Q

virulence factor of S. pyogenes

A

M protein
post-strep sequelae
superantigen

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26
Q

post-strep sequellae from group A strep

A

Rheumatic fever
acute glomerulonephritis

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27
Q

potential consequence of SPE toxin that induces cytokine release

A

scarlet fever

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28
Q

DNAse produced by strep is used for what

A

survival in the body

29
Q

to diagnose strep throat

A

throat swab
rapid strep test
ELISA

30
Q

to treat pharyngitis

A

Penicillin

31
Q

this disease is produced by a phage toxin and causes grey pseudomembrane on pharynx

A

diphtheria

32
Q

to treat C. diphtheriae

A

penicillin and antitoxin

33
Q

to prevent diphtheria

A

vaccine—-toxoid (Ab neutralizing response)

34
Q

this stage of B. pertussis antibiotics can cure

A

Catarrhal stage

35
Q

stage of B. pertussis that has whooping cough and Ab’s won’t help

A

Paroxysmal stage

36
Q

stage of B. pertussis where there is a chronic cough and possibility of secondary infections w/ other pathogens

A

Convalescent stage

37
Q

gram - rod that inhibits mucocilliary escalator

A

B. pertussis

38
Q

2 toxins produced by B. pertussis

A
  1. exotoxin (A:B)- ADP ribosylation of GTPase(adenylyl cyclase)–increasing resp. secretions—increases cough
  2. endotoxin (Lipid A)— binds TLR4 and triggers cytokine storm
39
Q

to diagnose pertussis

A

presentation
lymphocytosis
nasal swab
NAAT

40
Q

to treat Pertussis

A

Azithromycin (Macrolide)

41
Q

to prevent pertussis

A

vaccine (DTaP)

42
Q

severe sore throat
fever
dysphagia
(sx’s of what)

A

tonsillitis

43
Q

main viral cause of tonsillitis

A

Herpesviruses (HSV, EBV, CMV)

44
Q

main bacterial cause of tonsillitis

A

Group A Strep

45
Q

to treat bacterial tonsillitis

A

penicillin

46
Q

REALLY swollen tonsils (caused by bacterial infection)

A

peritonsillar abscess

47
Q

how to treat peritonsillar abscess

A

Ab’s
drain

48
Q

2 main bacteria that cause peritonsillar abscess

A

Group A strep
Fusobacterium

49
Q

A 25 year old presents with ill feeling, painful gums and mouth for 2 days and getting worse. Ulcers on lips and base of tongue

A

Herpes Viruses

50
Q

dsDNA virus; enveloped (replicate and bud from nucleus); fever blisters, gingivostomatitis(ulcers)

A

Herpes Viruses

51
Q

causes oral lesions

A

HSV-1

52
Q

both of these have equal chance of causing genital lesions

A

HSV-2 and HSV-1

53
Q

these are used to diagnose_____: PCR
tissue culture
look for multinucleated giant cells

A

HSV

54
Q

anti-viral drug used to treat most herpes viruses and MoA

A

acyclovir: inhibits thymidine kinase

55
Q

anti-viral drug used to treat CMV

A

ganciclovir

56
Q

3 month old and a 48 yr old HIV+ both present to ED with white plaque in the mouth

A

oral thrush (candida albicans)

57
Q

NOT true dimorphic yeast, but does change shape in diff. temperature

A

candida albicans

58
Q

typically develops when immune system has been compromised

A

thrush

59
Q

number 1 cause of candidiasis

A

Ab therapy—->dybiosis

60
Q

this fungus can be an early sign of HIV infection (T cells drop below threshold)

A

thrush

61
Q

to diagnose thrush:

A

presentation!!!!
(culture and microscopy)

62
Q

To treat thrush

A

Fluconazole
Nystatin

63
Q

biofilms make this on teeth

A

plaque

64
Q

main bacteria found in the oral cavity

A

Streptococcus mutans

65
Q

inflammation to gums and around teeth (neutrophils and lymphocytes infiltrate)

A

gingivitis

66
Q

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis aka

A

trench mouth

67
Q

2 bacteria that cause trench mouth

A

Fusobacterium
Prevotella

68
Q

inflammation and infection of ligaments and bones that support teeth (gum recedes)

A

periodontitis

PII (10 decks)

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