Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Peds Boards > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Laryngomalacia clinical signs

A
  • Inspiratory stridor (MCC stridor in infants)
  • Symptoms worse when supine, crying, agitated, or feeding
  • If severe: FTT, difficulty feeding, OSA, cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Laryngomalacia treatment

A
  • Symptoms may progress until 6 months but majority of cases resolve by 12-18 months
  • If severe: surgical management with supraglottoplasty or tracheostomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tracheomalacia etiologies

A
  • Primary: intrinsic defect in cartilaginous tracheal rings

- Secondary (compression of trachea) - mediastinal vasculature, lymphatic malformations, neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tracheomalacia clinical signs

A

Stridor, wheezing, recurrent barking cough, frequent respiratory infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nasal polyps signs/symptoms and treatment

A
  • S/sx: persistent mucoid rhinorrhea, chronic nasal congestion, noisy breathing, disturbed sleep
  • Exam: glistening fleshy color of polyps
  • Treatment: intranasal steroids is first line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Disease associations with nasal polyps

A
  • CF IS THE MOST COMMON AND ALL KIDS NEED A SWEAT TEST!

- Aspirin sensitivity, allergic rhinitis, recurrent sinusitis, and asthma are also associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of persistent/recurrent purulent otorrhea

A
  • Cholesteatoma, foreign body, histiocytosis, and other inflammatory or malignant conditions
  • Persistent purulent otorrhea for > 2 weeks despite treatment is indication to send to ENT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cholesteatoma

A
  • Squamous epithelium and keratin (white mass behind TM)
  • Cause of persistent otorrhea and conductive hearing loss
  • FOUL SMELLING discharge despite treatment of perforated TM
  • Congenital or acquired
  • Tx is surgical removal - can dissolve tissue/bone and reach into the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cleft palate complications

A
  • Increased risk of eustachian tube dysfunction, middle ear effusions, and conductive hearing loss
  • Also often have feeding/language difficulties.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment of sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • Cochlear implants placed by 12 months of age is ideal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Indications for surgical tympanostomy tube removal

A
  • If tube is still in after 3 years
  • Migration into middle ear
  • Granulation tissue not responding to drops
  • Chronic otorrhea that does not respond to treatment
  • Resolution of the condition that prompted insertion (eg, repair of cleft palate), especially in an older child
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of conductive hearing loss

A
  • Inner and outer ear malformations
  • Trauma (perforations)
  • Tympanosclerosis (minimal hearing loss, scarring from lots of OM)
  • Chronic otitis with effusion (MOST COMMON cause)
  • Cholesteatoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Medication causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • Lasix and ethacrynic acid (temporary)

- aminoglycosides, salicylates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hearing loss from loud sound exposure

A

High frequency sensorineural hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sudden onset of bilateral sensorineural deafness

A

Viral labyrinthis - no treatment, some may get hearing back but not all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Infectious causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • In utero: CMV (most common), herpes, rubella, syphilis

- Acquired: bacterial meningitis (usually occurs within first 24 hours of illness – need a hearing test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Preemie risk factors for sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • Prolonged ventilation
  • Hyperbili
  • LBW
  • Rh factor
  • Maternal diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At what age is language development affected by deafness

A

9 months

- Prior to that cooing and babbling do not depend on hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of hearing tests based on age

A
  • Behavioral observation audiometry - less than 6 months (only a screening)
  • Auditory brainstem response (uses EEG) - good for less than 6 months
  • Visual reinforced audiometry (used for ages 6-24 months)
  • Play audiometry - ages 2-4
  • Conventional pure tone audiometry screen (age > 4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Flat line or low amplitude tympanogram

A

Suggests stiff membrane or middle ear fluid (obstructed tympanostomy tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High volume tympanogram

A

Perforated TM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Three criteria for acute otitis media

A
  • Recent abrupt onset
  • Bulging TM with effusion
  • Erythema of TM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most common cause of chronic suppurative otitis media

A

Psuedomonas

Treat with topical/otic ofloxacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Indications to watch with AOM before giving antibiotics

A
  • Infants over 6 months with unilateral otitis and nonsevere symptoms
  • Toddlers overa ge 2 with nonsevere symptoms (unilateral or bilateral
  • Can withhold antibiotics for 48-72 hours, 80% will resolve on their own
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Large erythematous mass in ears after tympanostomy tube placement

A
  • Tympanostomy tube granuloma (common complication)

- Can lead to bloody drainage

26
Q

Cause/symptoms of otitis externa

A
  • Pain with movement of pinna
  • Cause is pseudomonas
  • Tx antibiotics/steroids (fluoroquinolone)
  • Ppx: acidify ear following swimming and dry with hair dryer
27
Q

Swelling/deformity of external ear following blunt trauma management

A

Cauliflower ear

- Ice packs and pressure then evacuation of hematoma by needle aspiration to prevent potential cartilage loss

28
Q

Causes of mastoiditis

A
  • MC complication of acute otitis media
  • Strep pneumo, H. flu, S pyoenes, S aureus
  • Dx with CT and tympanocentesis with culture
  • Sx: swelling/erythema, tenderness over mastoid, outwardly displaced pinna
29
Q

Associations with nasal polyps

A
  • CF
  • Asthma
  • Chronic allergic rhinitis
  • Chronic sinusitis
30
Q

Cyanosis with feeding and resolution with crying

A
  • Choanal atresia
  • 50% are associated with genetic anomalies
  • Evaluation by inability to pass catheter through nares
31
Q

Timing of when sinuses develop

A
  • Maxillary and ethmoid: at birth

- Sphenoid and frontal: 5-6 years of age

32
Q

Persistent nighttime cough and/or bad breath with persistent nasal congestion for 7-10 days, can also have toothache or sore throat

A
  • Acute sinusitis
  • MC organisms: pneumococcus, H flu, moraxella
    Tx: amox (unless they failed that or if they attend daycare then augmentin)
33
Q

Complications of acute sinusitis

A
  • Ehtmoid –> orbital cellulitis

- Frontal –> brain abscess

34
Q

Treatment of chronic sinusitis

A

Antibiotics (surgery if necessary) - can take 2-3 months

- CT scan is diagnostic

35
Q

Causes of epistaxis

A
  • Foreign body
  • Vascular anomalies
  • Family history of bleeding disorders
  • Mass (nasopharyngael angiofibroma)
36
Q

Patient with dysphaia, difficulty opening mouth, unilateral swelling around the tonsil, deviation of uvula to one side (with exudates), trismus, drooling, hot potato voice

A

Peritonsillar abscess
Dx: CT scan

Tx: amp/sulbactam, clinda, amox/clav and needle aspiration/drainage

37
Q

Hypernasal voice following T/A

A

Velopharyngeal insufficiency

38
Q

Young child with fever, trouble swallowing, enlarged lymph nodes, hyperextended neck

A

Retropharyngeal abscess

  • Dx: CT, can see widening of retropharyngeal space on lateral neck film
  • Tx: needle aspiration, antibiotics (clinda, amp/sulbactam)
39
Q

Retropharyngeal abscess vs peritonsillar abscess vs epiglottitis

A
  • Retro: younger (less than age 4), hyperextended neck
  • Peritonsillar: school age/adolescents
  • Epiglottitis: toxic appearing, prefer to lean forward, air hungry
40
Q

What to do with an avulsed tooth

A
  • If permanent tooth: put it back in within 5 minutes (or transport it in chilled milk)
  • DON’T put back in a baby tooth
41
Q

Treatment for dental abscess

A

Penicillin

42
Q

Cleft lip facts

A
  • More common in males
  • 2/3 have associated cleft palate
  • Most common in Native Americans and Asians
  • Repair around 10 weeks of age
43
Q

Cleft palate facts

A
  • More common in females
  • Highest risk of being associated with a snydrome
  • Repair between 9-12 months of age
44
Q

Bifid uvula associations

A
  • Submucosal cleft palate
  • Velopharyngeal insufficiency
  • Middle ear effusion
45
Q

Genetic associations with clefts

A
  • Pierre Robin
  • Crouzon syndrome
  • Apert syndrome
  • Treacher collins snydrome
46
Q

Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea

A

Behavior issues, failure to thrive, developmental delay, poor school performance, snoring, restless sleep, dysmorphic facies, mouth breathing, hyponasal speech, cleft palate

Caused by adenoid hypertrophy

47
Q

Causes of extreme OSA

A
  • Complete laryngeal atresia
  • Severe laryngeal web
  • Severe subglottic stenosis
  • Vocal cord paralysis
  • Tx: tracheostomy
48
Q

Causes of inspiratory stridor

A
  • Pharyngeal and Hypopharyngeal masses
  • Swelling/inflammation of tonsils and adenoids
  • Vocal cord paralysis
  • Laryngomalacia
49
Q

MCC congenital stridor, suprasternal and subcostal retractions, infant < 1 month of age, worse in supine position, symptoms improve with expiration, growing and feeding well

A

Laryngomalacia - inspiratory stridor

50
Q

Vocal cord paralysis symptoms

A
  • Blunted inspiratory loop on spirometry
  • Due to traumatic injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve at time of birth or CNS impairment
  • Weak cry, high pitched inspiratory stridor
  • Unilateral paralysis: persistent hoarseness
51
Q

Progressive hoarseness that is less severe in the morning without stridor or dysphagia

A
  • Vocal cord nodules (more common in males and improve with puberty)
52
Q

Asthma like symptoms but normal pulse ox and clear lung fields with no response to bronchodilators, hoarseness following extubation

A

Vocal cord dysfunction - have inspiratory stridor (not wheezing)

53
Q

Vascular ring symptoms

A

Present with expiratory stridor and feeding difficulties

54
Q

Cause of biphasic stridor

A

Subglottic stenosis (congenital or acquired)

55
Q

4-5 year old with inspiratory stridor, leaning forward, drooling, no cough

A

Epiglottitis

  • Thumb sign on lateral neck film
  • Hib is most common cause (less now b/c vaccine)
  • Tx: OR for evaluation, blood culture, rocephin
56
Q

Most common causes of croup

A
  • Parainfluenza, influenza, RSV

- Measels (watch out for unimmunized)

57
Q

Barky nonproductive cough

A

Spasmodic croup

58
Q

Rapid deterioration of a patient with viral croup

A

Bacterial tracheitis

  • Pseudomembranous croup
  • Usually caused by S aureus but can also be moraxella or H flu
  • Neck film with subglottic narrowing
  • Tx: intubate, clear secretions, broad spectrum antibiotics
59
Q

Thyroglossal duct cyst

A

Midline lesion on the anterior neck that moves upward with swallowing
- Can have functioning thyroid tissue in it

60
Q

Causes of parotitis

A
  • Viral: preschool/school age with vague symptoms, swelling/erythema around opening of Stensen’s duct, consider HIV/mumps
  • Bacterial: before age 10, toxic, Staph aurerus
  • Salivary gland stand - recurrent swelling of both parotid glands
61
Q

Age 1-4 years, spells of vertigo without hearing loss or tinnitus

A

Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood

62
Q

Hearing change/loss, vertigo, tinnitus

A

Viral labrynthitis

General Peds Boards (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions